Ontogenetic changes in cutaneous and branchial ionocytes and morphology in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) larvae.

The development of osmoregulatory and gas exchange organs was studied in larval yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) from 2 to 25 days post-hatching (2.9-24.5 mm standard length, SL). Cutaneous and branchial ionocytes were identified using Na+/K+-ATPase immunostaining and scanning electron microscopy. Cutaneous ionocyte abundance significantly increased with SL, but a reduction in ionocyte size and density resulted in a significant decrease in relative ionocyte area. Cutaneous ionocytes in preflexion larvae had a wide apical opening with extended microvilli; however, microvilli retracted into an apical pit from flexion onward. Lamellae in the gill and pseudobranch were first detected ~ 3.3 mm SL. Ionocytes were always present on the gill arch, first appeared in the filaments and lamellae of the pseudobranch at 3.4 mm SL, and later in gill filaments at 4.2 mm SL, but were never observed in the gill lamellae. Unlike the cutaneous ionocytes, gill and pseudobranch ionocytes had a wide apical opening with extended microvilli throughout larval development. The interlamellar fusion, a specialized gill structure binding the lamellae of ram-ventilating fish, began forming by ~ 24.5 mm SL and contained ionocytes, a localization never before reported. Ionocytes were retained on the lamellar fusions and also found on the filament fusions of larger sub-adult yellowfin tuna; however, sub-adult gill ionocytes had apical pits. These results indicate a shift in gas exchange and NaCl secretion from the skin to branchial organs around the flexion stage, and reveal novel aspects of ionocyte localization and morphology in ram-ventilating fishes

Subconjunctival delivery of p75NTR antagonists reduces the inflammatory, vascular, and neurodegenerative pathologies of diabetic retinopathy

The p75NTR is a novel therapeutic target validated in a streptozotocin mouse model of diabetic retinopathy. Intravitreal (IVT) injection of small molecule p75NTR antagonist THX-B was therapeutic and resolved the inflammatory, vascular, and neurodegenerative phases of the retinal pathology. To simplify clinical translation, we sought a superior drug delivery method that circumvents risks associated with IVT injections. METHODS. We compared the pharmacokinetics of a single 40 lg subconjunctival (SCJ) depot to the reported effective 5 lg IVT injections of THX-B. We quantified therapeutic efficacy, with endpoints of inflammation, edema, and neuronal death. RESULTS. The subconjunctival depot affords retinal exposure equal to IVT injection, without resulting in detectable drug in circulation. At week 2 of diabetic retinopathy, the SCJ depot provided therapeutic efficacy similar to IVT injections, with reduced inflammation, reduced edema, reduced neuronal death, and a long-lasting protection of the retinal structure. CONCLUSIONS. Subconjunctival injections are a safe and effective route for retinal delivery of p75NTR antagonists. The subconjunctival route offers an advantageous, less-invasive, more compliant, and nonsystemic method to deliver p75NTR antagonists for the treatment of retinal diseases.Fil: Galan, Alba. Mc Gill University. Lady Davis Research Intitute; CanadáFil: Barcelona, Pablo Federico. Mc Gill University. Lady Davis Research Intitute; Canadá. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Nedev, Hinyu. Mc Gill University. Lady Davis Research Intitute; CanadáFil: Sarunic, Marinko V.. University Fraser Simon; CanadáFil: Jian, Yifan. University Fraser Simon; CanadáFil: Saragovi, H. Uri. Mc Gill University. Lady Davis Research Intitute; Canad

Struktur Insang Ikan Ompok Hypophthalmus (Bleeker 1846) Dari Perairan Sungai Siak Kota Pekanbaru

This study aimed to observe the pathology of fish gill tissue Ompok hypophthalmus from Siak River around Siak I and Siak II bridge, Pekanbaru. The research was conducted from December 2013 to April 2014. The samples were prepared for histological observation using paraffin method and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE). Data were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively based on the histopathological evaluation and the value of the damage scoring. The results showed that the gill tissue structure of O.hypophthalmus fish changed. The damage in gill tissue found at Station I were 8,4% hyperplasia, 5,9% lamella fusion, 2,9% odema and 0,9% necrosis with total damage of gill tissue was 18,1%. Meanwhile, the damage in gill tissue found at Station II were 7,1% hyperplasia, 6,1% lamela fusion, 2,4% odema and 0,9% necrosis with total damage of gill tissue was 16,5%. The results of histopathological scoring below ≤25% indicated that the condition of the gill tissue was considered normal

Type Generic Observing

Observing intermediate values helps to understand what is going on when your program runs. Gill presented an observation method for lazy functional languages that preserves the program's semantics. However, users need to define for each type how its values are observed: a laborious task and strictness of the program can easily be affected. Here we define how any value can be observed based on the structure of its type by applying generic programming frameworks. Furthermore we present an extension to specify per observation point how much to observe of a value. We discuss especially functional values and behaviour based on class membership in generic programming frameworks

Introduction of mechanised-cum-sail crafts at Kakinada

Kakinada is one of the important mechanised fish landing centres of Andhra Pradesh. Fishery resources from inshore waters off Kakinada have been traditionally exploited by indigenous crafts, ie. 'Navas' (plank-built boats). These motorised beach landing crafts conduct night fishing using synthetic drift gill nets with larger mesh sizes. The drift gill net fishery with motorised crafts has proved highly profitable due to the increase in quantity and quality of fishes caught. The article gives a detailed account on the structure, operation, use and price details of these mechanised cum sail crafts and drift gill nets

Comparative Study on Histological Structure of Gill and Kidney of Snakehead Fish (Channa Striata, BLOCH 1793) From the Kulim and Sibam Rivers, Riau Province

Snakehead fish (Channa striata) is present in the Kulim River that has relatively good water quality, as well as in the Sibam River that has polluted water. The water condition of the rivers my affects the fish health status in general. To understand the histologcal structure of gill and kidney of the fish from those rivers, a study has been conducted from Januari to March 2017. Fish organs were histologically processed and stained (HE). Results shown that in general, the histological structure of gill and kidney of fish from both areas are different. The cell structure of the Sibam's fish shown abnormality, while those of the Kulim's fish were normal. Cell abnormality such as hyperplasia and fused lamella in the gill and damaged glomelurus cells and nekrosis are present in the kidneyof the Sibam fish. The histological study shown that the water quality affects the structure of gill and kidney of snakehead fish from the study areas

On the shedding of gill raker processes in grey mullets

The unidentifiable item (Plate I) formed a significant proportion of the stomach contents of nearly 35% of a total number of 1147 fish of both the species in different size groups. Occurrence of this item in the stomachs of mullets from the sea (Palk Bay), however, was negligible. It was found that the gill raker processes (the tiny processes present in double row on the inner face of the gill rakers) of mullets are similar in structure to this item. Examination of the branchial apparatus of the two other common fishes viz., Chanos chanos and Nematalosa nasus and many other fishes in the lagoon (Tampi, 1959) revealed that the gill raker processes of these fishes do not bear resemblance to those of the mullets. Fishes with gill raker processes in their stomachs showed the processes on their gill rakers intact indicating that the fish does not swallow its own gill raker processes. In a detailed study of the food habits of the above two species of mullets, the fish have been arbitrarily separated into two groups viz., those with stomach contents predominated by decayed organic matter and foraminifera (Type A stomachs), and those with stomach contents formed virtually of gill raker processes (Type B stomachs). While copepods were seen neither to occur regularly nor to form any appreciable proportion in type A stomachs during the period of observation they were of common occurrence in the type B stomachs (Table I) indicating an association of copepods with the gill raker processes. The copepods, Harpacticus spp., MkroseteUa rosea and Metes jousseumi met with in type B stomachs are known to be omnivorous and benthic found on sea weeds and other organisms. Besides copepods foraminifera, diatoms, sand grains and spicules which are common at the bottom were also found in type B stomachs