Closing the generational start-up gap

The promotion of youth entrepreneurship and self-employment has been identified as an important strand of policies to reduce youth unemployment. This report is designed to re-visit the rationale lying behind policies designed to increase youth entrepreneurship and to provide some recommendations for future action

Generational Effects on Adult Height in Contemporary Spain: Exploring Gender and Individual Heterogeneity

As adult height is a well-established retrospective measure of health and standard of living, it is important to understand the factors that determine it. Among them, the influence of socio-environmental factors has been subjected to empirical scrutiny. This paper explores the influence of generational (or environmental) effects and individual and gender-specific heterogeneity on adult height. Our data set is from contemporary Spain, a country governed by an authoritarian regime between 1939 and 1977. First, we use normal position and quantile regression analysis to identify the determinants of self-reported adult height and to measure the influence of individual heterogeneity. Second, we use a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition approach to explain the gender height gap and its distribution, so as to measure the influence on this gap of individual heterogeneity. Our findings suggest a significant increase in adult height in the generations that benefited from the countrys economic liberalization in the 1950s, and especially those brought up after the transition to democracy in the 1970s. In contrast, distributional effects on height suggest that only in recent generations has height increased more among the tallest. Although the mean gender height gap is 11 cm, generational effects and other controls such as individual capabilities explain on average roughly 5% of this difference, a figure that rises to 10% in the lowest 10% quantile.blinder-oaxaca decomposition, quantile regression, generational effects, adult height, gender gap, individual heterogeneity

Office design for the multi-generational knowledge workforce

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact the workplace can have on knowledge working for a multi-generational workforce. Design/methodology/approach – A case study analysis is undertaken of Leeds City Council (LCC) workplace in the UK. Findings – The findings from the study show that in the context of LCC there are some key differences between the generations regarding knowledge working preferences for formal/informal meeting spaces. In other aspects, such as knowledge sharing, the generations appear to agree on key aspects such as mentoring and team-based working environments. Practical implications – Corporate real estate managers can use the research findings to assist them in providing a range of workplace settings to enhance multi-generational interaction. Originality/value – This paper fills a gap in current research by evaluating workplace preferences based on generational differences.</p

Generational policy and the macroeconomic measurement of tax incidence

In this paper we show that the generational accounting framework used in macroeconomics to measure tax incidence can, in some cases, yield inaccurate measurements of the tax burden across age cohorts. This result is very important for policy evaluation, because it shows that the selection of tax policies designed to change generational imbalances could be misleading. We illustrate this problem in the context of a Social Security reform where we show how fiscal policy can affect the intergenerational gap across cohorts without impacting the distribution of welfare. We provide a more accurate procedure that only measures changes in generational imbalances derived from policies with real effects.Fiscal policy ; Taxation

Evaluating Social Security Reforms in Japan : Analysis of Generational Fiscal Burdens and Benefits Using Cohort Data

This paper evaluates lifetime public burdens and benefits of generations in Japan based on cohort data, and the paper also simulates how much social security reforms proposed by the Japanese government would change the generational gap in lifetime public benefits and burdens. The experimental results clearly show that old generation receives much more public benefits than their public burdens. On the contrary, the results presents that young generations bear more public burdens than their public benefits. It is also revealed that the social security reform would hardly improve the generational gap in lifetime public benefits and burdens

Girl, interrupted : the distinctive history of Galician women's narrative

This paper addresses the anomaly that whilst there are increasing numbers of Galician-language women poets and writers of children's literature, women prose writers are still few and far between. Beginning with a discussion of debates in feminist criticism that call attention to the role of influence on authorship, I argue that the fragmented history of women's writing in Galicia, due to the perceived absence of a Galician female public voice in the gap between Rosalía's Follas novas (1880) and Herrera Garrido's Néveda (1920), appears to leave women writers without a literary foremother during the crucialformative years of Galician cultural identity. I then postulate the existence, during the complex, bilingual fin de século (c.1885-1916), of a 'lost generation' of women writers whose largely Castilian-language texts show the seeds of a cross-generational dialogue that could potentially bridge this gap. Finally, I ask how the fragmented history of women's writing in Galicia continues to affect women writing today

Genetic Drift in Genetic Algorithm Selection Schemes

A method for calculating genetic drift in terms of changing population fitness variance is presented. The method allows for an easy comparison of different selection schemes and exact analytical results are derived for traditional generational selection, steady-state selection with varying generation gap, a simple model of Eshelman's CHC algorithm, and evolution strategies. The effects of changing genetic drift on the convergence of a GA are demonstrated empirically

Work or Study: Different Fortunes of U.S. Latino Generations

Examines the way different Latino generations -- immigrants and their U.S.-born offspring -- perform in the labor market, with a focus on young adults. Explores the challenges and opportunities this presents to employers and policy-makers