A Systematic Approach for the Paper Review on the Utilization of Citrus Fruit Waste in the Philippines

One of the main contributors to the waste problem in the Philippines is citrus fruits because of their high yield. Various studies have investigated the utilization of citrus fruit waste for different applications. However, there is a lack of a systematic mapping study that can bring these studies together. Thus, this study employed a systematic approach to determine the utilization of citrus fruit wastes which will be beneficial to reduce waste in the landfill. This study sought to: 1) investigate the trends in current research on citrus fruit waste utilization, 2) identify the processes undergone by citrus fruit waste to achieve their respective applications, and 3) observe the techniques that have been utilized to evaluate the efficiency and performance of citrus fruit waste products. The study performed a general search for papers related to citrus fruit waste utilization in Scopus search engine. The documents were organized into specific categories, and data extraction was performed. After the data was analyzed and the following results were obtained: there is a continuous increase in the amount of research on citrus fruit waste utilization, citrus fruit peels are the most commonly used type of waste, citrus fruit wastes undergo rigorous processes that mostly involve heat to reach their applications, and most studies utilize pore size and BET surface area to evaluate fruit waste products. In conclusion, citrus fruit waste utilization is a topic with great potential, and will contribute to solving the waste management problem in the country

Pengolahan Limbah Kulit Buah menjadi Eco-Enzyme pada Siswa SMKN 10 Merangin

Fruit peel waste, so that it is not problematic for the environment and health, can be used as a source of eco enzyme raw materials, which are the result of fermentation of fruit/vegetable residue, sugar, and water. Eco enzymes can be made by mixing organic waste, such as fruit and vegetable waste, with sugar and water in a ratio of 3: 1: 10. Basically, all fruit and vegetable waste can be used as raw material for making eco enzymes. The service activity of processing fruit peel waste into Eco-enzyme invites students to handle waste in a simple way around the school. This service activity is carried out through group practice. Making eco enzyme invites students to use this liquid as a natural cleanser, one of the experiments to handle the waste. Using fruit peel waste as an eco enzyme as an alternative to cleaning fluid adds insight and skills in processing fruit peel waste into cleaning fluid

Effectiveness of Water Hyacinth Bioconversion and Fermented Fruit Waste as a Growing Media Larvae of Hermetia illucens

Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae have cellulosic activity in the presence of bacteria in their intestines. Generally, the organisms that play a role in bioconversion process are bacteria, and Hermetia illucens larvae as a bioconversion agent for fermented water hyacinth are combined with fruit waste and used as a growth medium. The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in larva mass weight, feed conversion efficiency, waste reduction index from water hyacinth bioconversion activity and fermented fruit waste by Hermetia illucens larvae. Hermetia illucens larvae are treated with feeding P0 = 100 % fruit waste, P1 = Fruit waste 25 % + 75 % fermented water hyacinth, P2 = 50 % fruit waste + 50 % fermented water hyacinth, and P3 = 75 % fruit waste + 25 % fermented water hyacinth. The larvae used were 6 days old, for all treatments 50 g used. The results showed that P3 = 75 % fruit waste + 25 % fermented water hyacinth produced the highest average final mass weight of larvae, namely 124.62 g, average feed consumption was 72.72 %, average ECD and WRI values were 10.98 % and 10.38 %, respectively. The mixing level of water hyacinth and fermented fruit waste in treatment 3 showed effective results as a medium for the growth of Hermetia illucens larvae

Use of Water Hyacinth and Fermented Fruit Waste as BSF (Black Soldier Fly) Media on The Quality of BSF Maggot Flour

This study aims to assess BSF maggot flour’s quality using water hyacinth growing media and fermentedfruit waste using EM-4 and molasses. Held a total of 70 g of baby maggot was in the temple for 15 days.Eldest the feed used using fermented water hyacinth and fermented fruit waste with four treatmentsconsist of P0= 0% fermented water hyacinth+ 100% fermented fruit waste, P1= 25% fermented waterhyacinth+ 75% fermented fruit waste, P2= 50% fermented water hyacinth+ 50% fermented fruit waste,and 75% fermented water hyacinth+ 25% fermented fruit waste. The design of the experiment uses acompletely randomized design (CRD). The results showed that substitution of feeding 25% fermentedwater hyacinth+ 75% fermented fruit waste influenced the yield of BSF maggot flour (P <0.05), and therewas no effect on the pH quality of Maggot BSf flour (P> 0.05). The best results’ (substitution of feeding25% fermented water hyacinth+ 75% fermented fruit waste) has proximate content of dry matter89%, ash 11%, crude protein 35.5%, crude fat 12%, calcium 7%, nitrogen-free extract material 7%,metabolist energy 2939.64 kcal/ 100 g

Pengaruh Limbah Kulit Buah Kakao Sebagai Campuran Media Tanam Terhadap Produktivitas Dan Kandungan Gizi Jamur Tiram Coklat (Pleurotus Cystidiosus)

- The development of the plantation sector has increased impact of which waste wood sawdust and cocoa fruit peel. These wastes can cause environmental problems if not treated, but they would be beneficial if they are used as growing media mixture in oyster mushroom cultivation. Growing media (baglog) oyster mushrooms are supported physically and chemically will affect the productivity and nutrient content of oyster mushrooms. The study aims to analyze and assess the effect of the cocoa fruit peel waste as growing media mixture on productivity and nutrient content of brown oyster mushroom (Pleurotus cystidiosus) that has been carried out using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 kinds of treatment comparisons sawdust and fruit peel waste cocoa, ie SL0(ratio of 100% wood sawdust and 0% fruit peel waste cocoa)/control, SL1 (ratio of 80% sawdust and 20% fruit peel waste cocoa), SL2 (ratio of 75% sawdust and 25% fruit peel waste cocoa) and SL3 (ratio of 70% sawdust and 30% fruit peel waste cocoa). The research data in the forms of number and weight of fruit body production, as well as protein and fat content of brown oyster mushrooms, were then analyzed by one-way anova and followed by DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) at 5%. The results showed that the use of cacao fruit peel waste by ratio comparison 75% wood sawdust and 25% cacao fruit peel (SL2) is the best to produce the number and weight of fruit body production as well as protein and fat content of brown oyster mushrooms. Therefore, it is recommended to be applied in the cultivation of brown oyster mushroom

Effects of different substrates on the morphological characteristics and proximate content of Pleurotus pulminarius

Morphological characteristics and proximate content of Pleurotus pulminarius cultivated on different substrates were investigated. The substrates used are cotton waste, sawdust, palm fruit waste, paper, mixture of sawdust and palm fruit waste and mixture of cotton waste and paper (1:1) were sterilized and inoculated with Pleurotus pulminarius spawn (sorghum-produced) aseptically, incubated under controlled temperature and humidity before exposure to sunlight. Length and, diameter of stalk and pileus were measured during stages of harvest. Protein, fat, carbohydrate, crude fibre, ash and moisture content were determined by standard methods. Pleurotus pulminarius appeared on saw dust and cotton waste; paper, combination of saw dust and palm fruit waste, mixture of paper and cotton waste; and palm fruit waste after 2 days, 3 days and 5 days respectively. For the first stage of harvest, Saw dust had the highest length of stalk (cm) of 5.40 ± 0.63 and the lowest value of 2.70 ± 0.14 was obtained from palm fruit waste only. Mixture of paper waste and cotton waste has the highest diameter of stalk (3.25 ± 0.61 cm) (second harvest), the lowest diameter of stalk (0.4 ± 0.1 cm) was recorded for palm fruit (third harvest). Cotton waste had the highest diameter of pileus (7.88 ± 1.29 cm) (first harvest) while the lowest value (1.78 ± 0.63 cm) was obtained from mushroom harvested on the mixture of paper and cotton waste (second harvest). Pleurotus pulminarius harvested on mixture of paper and cotton waste has the highest percentage protein of 40.54% while the least value 28.79% protein was obtained from mushroom harvested on saw dust. Mushroom harvested on saw dust has the highest percentage fat content of 0.99% and palm fruit waste gave the lowest percentage fat of 0.74%. Palm fruit waste displayed the highest percentage ash and crude fibre contents of 4.38% and 4.81% respectively while cotton and paper wastes had the least ash and crude fibre content of 1.81% and 0.47% respectively. Saw dust gave the highest percentage carbohydrate of 62.54%s. Moisture content of 0.51% was obtained for mushrooms harvested on Palm fruit waste, Sawdust and mixture of sawdust and palm fruit waste as the least value while the mixture of paper and cotton waste has the highest moisture content of 3.49%. The study concluded that mushroom can serve as cheap source of food supplements such as protein, crude fibre, ash (micro and macro nutrients), fat, carbohydrate and moisture with beneficial bioconversion of agricultural and other wastes materials in the environment. Key words: Pleurotus pulminarius, cotton, sawdust, palm fruit, paper, wast

Preparation and characterization of biopolyol from liquefied oil palm fruit waste: part 2

Oil palm fruit waste (OPFW) was conducted using polyhydric alcohol (PA) as liquefaction solvent with H2SO4 in three different OPFW/PA ratio (1/2, 1/3 and 1/4). During the liquefaction, cellulose, semi-cellulose and lignin are decomposed, which results in changes of acid value and hydroxyl value. The liquefied OPFW were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The hydroxyl and acid values of the liquefied oil palm fruit waste (OPFW) varied with the liquefied conditions. It was observed that with an increase in the liquefaction solvent (PA) amount in the mixture resulted in a high acid value and hydroxyl value for the OPFW. FT-IR spectroscopy analysis showed that the resulting biopolyol was suitable monomer for polyurethane (PU) synthesis for the production of PU foams

Potential Utilization of Defective Fruit Juice Products for Black Soldier Fly Cultivation to Reduce Waste Generation in the Beverage Industry

The waste of fruit juice and tea defective products has organic content that conventionally has the potential to be utilized as a medium or place for maggot growth, but until now it has not been equipped with supporting scientific studies. Therefore, the objectives of the study are: 1) Assessing the characteristics of fruit juice and tea product waste, 2) Assessing the effectiveness of maggot in reducing fruit juice and tea product waste. This research is experimental in nature using variations in the composition of fruit juice and tea product waste as a source of nutrition for maggot which is carried out for 12 days. This variation uses the Complete Randomized Design method with 3 (three) treatments, namely variations in the composition of 60% tea + 40% fruit juice waste (S1), 50% tea + 50% fruit juice waste (S2), and 40% tea + 60% fruit juice waste (S3) in duplo. In addition, this study was completed with a control treatment. The results showed that the characteristics of fruit juice and tea waste containing protein (3.78-4.59%), fat (0.90-1.31%), carbohydrates (28.15-29.15%), crude fiber (2.42-3.12%) can be used as maggot cultivation media. The highest protein and crude fiber contents were found in the S3 composition waste at 4.59% and 3.12%. Maggot cultivation results that showed the highest fat and carbohydrate content were found in S1 composition waste at 1.31% and 29.15%. The recommended composition variation is S1 composition with the highest substrate consumption value and waste reduction index of 57.47% and 20.06%

Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Tomat (Lycopersicum Esculentum Mill.) Dengan Pemberian Kompos Limbah Tahu Padat

This study aimed at finding out the growth and production of tomato through the administration of solid tofu waste as compost. This research was conducted at Hulawa Village of Telaga Sub-districk, Districk of Gorontalo from june to august 2016. This research used randomized group design that consisted of four level of treatments namely K0= without control,  K1= 75 gram of solid tofu waste compost/10 kg of soil, K2= 150 grams of solid tofu waste compost/10 kg of soil, K3=225 grams of solid tofu waste compost/10 kg of soil. The observed parameter are the heigt of the plan, the number of leaves, the diameter of fruit, and number of of fruit per plant, and weight of fruit per plan. This research showed that the solid tofu waste as compost influenced the height of fruit in the first harvest, and the diameter of the fruit. The best concentrate was the 225 grams of solid tofu waste/10 kg of solid tofu waste/10 kg of soil; and there was no influence in the number and the weight of fruit harvested in the second harvest

Utilization Of White-Meat, Red-Meat And Super Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus sp) Skin Waste As An Alternative Food Source

Dragon fruit skin, waste material (dragon fruit waste), will have a profitable sale value if it can be used as a food raw material. Dragon fruit skin waste contains relatively high dietary fiber so it can be used as a food raw material. This study aims to utilize dragon fruit skin waste for the manufacture of dragon fruit skin flour as an alternative food source. Some tests are made on white-meat dragon fruit skin, red-meat dragon fruit skin and super red dragon fruit skin. The preliminary study is the soaking of the three types of dragon fruit skin in two solutions, namely 0.1% sodium citrate and 0.1% sodium metabisulfite to prevent the browning effect on flour. Dragon fruit skin flour from the soaking with both solutions is then characterized physically, including its texture, color, flavor and rendement. The best physical characterization is followed by chemical characterization, including the contents of water, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, minerals (Fe, Na, K, Ca and P), and also microbiological characterization of Escherichia coli, molds and Bacillus cereus. The chemical and microbiological characterization shows that the red-meat dragon fruit skin flour has better results than the white-meat and super red dragon fruit skin flour does. The red-meat dragon fruit skin flour contains 8.80% water, 0.20% ash, 2.35% fat, 7.69%, protein, 68,29% carbohydrate and 28,72% dietary fiber as well as 4.40 mg K, 8.76 mg Na , 0.65 mg Fe , 10.20 mg Ca and 32.58 mg P. Keywords: Waste, Dragon Fruit Skin, Dragon Fruit Skin Powder, Alternative Food Sourc