Some Changes in Chemical Properties on Ultisol Soil Giving Due Some of Organic Fertilizer and the Incubation Period

This research was conducted in the room of Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty , University of North Sumatera, Medan and soil analize in Analitical Laboratory of PT. Socfindo Medan in Maret-Juni 2016. This research used Completly Randomized Factorial Design, with 2 factors. The first factor is organic fertilizer consist of without organic fertilizers (P0), compost of Tithonia (P1), compost of durian's shell (P2), compost of palm oil fruit bunches waste (P3), chicken manure (P4), compost of Tithonia + chicken manure (P5), compost of durian's shell + chicken manure (P6), compost of palm oil fruit bunches waste + chicken manure (P7). The second factor is incubation period (I) are one week and two weeks. The result showed that application of organic fertilizer are compost of Tithonia, compost of durian's shell, compost of palm oil fruit bunches waste, chicken manure, and the mixed compost with chicken manure was significant for C-Organic, totally soil-N, totally soil-P, and K exchange soil in Ultisol. The period incubation was not significant for C-Organik, totally soil-N, totally soil-P, and K exchange. The interaction of organic fertilizer application and period of incubation treatments was not significant for all parametri

Fast determination of biogenic amines in beverages by a core-shell particle column

A fast and reliable HPLC method for the determination of 11 biogenic amines in beverages has been performed. After pre-column derivatization with dansyl-chloride a Kinetex C18 core–shell particle column (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.6 μm particle size) has been employed and the biogenic amines were identified and quantified in a total run time of 13 min with ultraviolet (UV) or fluorescence detection (FLD). Chromatographic conditions such as column temperature (kept at 50 °C), gradient elution and flow rate have been optimized and the method has been tested on red wine and fruit nectar. The proposed method is enhanced in terms of reduced analysis time and eluent consumption with respect of classical HPLC method as to be comparable to UHPLC methods. Green and cost-effective, this method can be used as a quality-control tool for routine quantitative analysis of biogenic amines in beverages for the average laboratory

Critical Thickness Ratio for Buckled and Wrinkled Fruits and Vegetables

Fruits and vegetables are usually composed of exocarp and sarcocarp and they take a variety of shapes when they are ripe. Buckled and wrinkled fruits and vegetables are often observed. This work aims at establishing the geometrical constraint for buckled and wrinkled shapes based on a mechanical model. The mismatch of expansion rate between the exocarp and sarcocarp can produce a compressive stress on the exocarp. We model a fruit/vegetable with exocarp and sarcocarp as a hyperelastic layer-substrate structure subjected to uniaxial compression. The derived bifurcation condition contains both geometrical and material constants. However, a careful analysis on this condition leads to the finding of a critical thickness ratio which separates the buckling and wrinkling modes, and remarkably, which is independent of the material stiffnesses. More specifically, it is found that if the thickness ratio is smaller than this critical value a fruit/vegetable should be in a buckling mode (under a sufficient stress); if a fruit/vegetable in a wrinkled shape the thickness ratio is always larger than this critical value. To verify the theoretical prediction, we consider four types of buckled fruits/vegetables and four types of wrinkled fruits/vegetables with three samples in each type. The geometrical parameters for the 24 samples are measured and it is found that indeed all the data fall into the theoretically predicted buckling or wrinkling domains. Some practical applications based on this critical thickness ratio are briefly discussed.Comment: 11 pages 9 figures 2 table

Molecular markers for cacao traits

Seventy-one microsatellites and 82 SNP markers were examined for their association with flush colour, shell content, seed butterfat content, fruit butterfat content, dry mass of cotyledons in a seed and dry mass of cotyledons from a fruit in 145 cacao accessions drawn from Refractario and Forastero groups. The more reliable markers were obtained when a vector matrix of multidimensional similarities rather than a matrix of population composition was utilised as a system screen. Fifteen markers (five SNPs and 10 SSRs) were found over six linkage groups (chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 and 9). Each marker accounted for 10 - 43% of the phenotypic variation. Three markers (mTcCIR250, mTcCIR251 and SNP836) appeared fairly robust. The microsatellite mTcCIR250, present on chromosome nine, accounted for a substantial 34.1% of variation in the cotyledonary mass of a fruit. The microsatellite mTcCIR251, located on the same chromosome, tagged both the cotyledonary mass and butterfat content of a fruit explaining 43.4% and 41.7% of the variation respectively. The marker SNP836, present on chromosome 2, tagged both fruit butterfat content and cotyledonary dry mass in a seed explaining 12% and 11% of the total variation respectively. (Texte intégral

Soluble and insoluble-bound phenolics and antioxidant activity of various industrial plant wastes

The potential of selected industrial food wastes from juice and nut production including apple peel, apple pomace, pomegranate peel, pomegranate seed, chestnut shell, and black carrot pomace as resources for natural antioxidants was investigated. Soluble free and insoluble-bound phenolics were extracted from the wastes and analyzed for total phenolic and flavonoid contents, phenolic profile and antioxidant activity. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of wastes were positively correlated with their antioxidant activity. The highest total phenolic and antioxidant activity were determined in soluble fraction of pomegranate peel due to a significant amount of punicalagin derivatives. Pomegranate peel and seed had the most phenolics and flavonoids in soluble form while other wastes had more than 45% of total phenolics in insoluble-bound form. Chestnut shell showed more antioxidant activity in insoluble-bound fraction compared to that of its soluble fraction. These findings showed that not only soluble but also an insoluble-bound fraction of the industrial wastes has good potential for valorization as a source of natural antioxidants

Improvement design of existing threshing machine at Kilang Sawit Risda, Ulu Keratong

Palm oil is very important in the agricultural and economic sectors in Malaysia. It’s origin is in the tropical rain forest region of West Africa, which the main belt runs through the southern latitudes of Cameron, Cote D’ ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierria Leone, Togo and into the equatorial region of Angola and the Congo (FAO,2004). The crude palm oil have a very wide range of application which is about 80% of the crude palm oil (CPO) produced can be converted into food products while the others can be used as non-food applications. The by-products or wasted product of palm oil fruit processing such as empty bunches and fibers can be processed as raw materials for potash fertilizer, pulp and paper manufacturing. The shell fragments can be used as renewable energy as fuels and also for decoration of living apartments

Shell's influence on drying kinetics, color and volumetric shrinkage of Castanea sativa Mill. fruits

Shell's influence on the drying behavior of two European chestnut (Castanea sativa mill.) varieties, Longal and Judia, was investigated in the present work. For this purpose, chestnuts of both varieties were dried in a hot air convection oven at 50.0 +/- 2.0 degrees C and air velocity of 1.0 +/- 0.1 m/s. The fruits were dried with and without outer shell, the axial dimensions, volumetric shrinkage and color being determined. Furthermore, the drying data was complemented for the first time with microscopic analyses of the shells. Longal and Judia drying behaviors were similar (moisture ratios less than 0.20 in 35 to 45 h), despite the microscopic differences in outer shell thickness (Judia: 556 +/- 43 mu m and Longal: 328 +/- 66 mu m) and cell format (smaller cells-Judia). After determining the suitability of several drying models, good results were obtained with the Page (Judia), and Two-term exponential and Modified Page models (Longal). Concerning fruit color, a slight decrease in fruit brightness and an increase on fruit yellowness were detected along drying for both varieties. Small volumetric shrinkage was observed (10-24%). From these results, both varieties seemed to be adequate to be used industrially to produce dried chestnut based products, showing similar drying behaviors. Regarding the influence of the outer shell on the drying process, it had a small impact on water removal. So, chestnuts can be dried with the outer shell, leading to a less expensive and non-time-consuming process because it is not necessary to peel the fruits before drying.Teresa Delgado acknowledges the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) for the financial support through the PhD grant— SFRH/BD/82285/2011, CIMO through the Project PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/ 2011 and REQUIMTE through the Project PEst-C/EQB/LA0006/2011