Farmer cooperatives in the food economy of Western Europe: an analysis from the Marketing point of view

This paper is concerned with an analysis of farmer cooperatives in Western Europe from the marketing point of view. The analysis is restricted to marketing and processing cooperatives. First some basic characteristics of farmer cooperatives are discussed from a systems point of view. Afterwards changes in the environment of farmer cooperatives are reviewed. Their impact on farmer cooperatives is analysed. Finally some hypotheses on future developments of West European cooperatives are presented. Our analysis suggests that West European cooperatives will become increasingly hybrid systems, being democratic in the general policy stage and hierarchical in the executive stag

Farmer research and extension

In this brief, we learn that "combining technical innovations with collective action initiatives has been shown to lead to substantial farmer benefits. A number of farmer-led research and extension (FRE) approaches incorporate collective action for different purposes and at different stages in the innovation process. Collective action can be useful in sharing knowledge, setting priorities, and experimenting with, evaluating, and disseminating technologies." The authors describe various participatory research approaches such as farmer field schools (FFSs), local agriculture research committees (CIALs), farmer research groups (FRGs), and farmer innovation approaches (FIAs) from Text.Poverty alleviation ,Collective action ,

Farmer Cooperatives: Commercial Farmer Members and Use

Seventy-eight percent of commercial farmers were either members or nonmember patrons of marketing/farm supply cooperatives in 1986 compared with more than 76 percent in 1980. From 1980 to 1986, the percentage of commercial farmers who were members of cooperatives increased from 65 to 66 percent. Nonmember patrons held steady at 12 percent. The biggest change was an increase in percent of members among commercial farmers with sales of $500,000 and over. Members among this group increased from 56 percent in 1980 to 69 percent in 1986. The percentage of commercial farmers with multiple memberships increased and the percentage of farmers with inactive memberships decreased. The percentage using cooperatives for marketing and for purchasing increased. Forty-nine percent used a cooperative for marketing, and 71 percent used a cooperative to purchase farm supplies in 1986. Data for the study were obtained from surveys by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (formerly Statistical Reporting Service), U.S. Department of Agriculture.Farmer cooperatives, marketing cooperatives, farm supply cooperatives, cooperative members, commercial farmer, Agribusiness,

Foxen in the Henhice

Recently I undertook an extensive study of American dialects, and a friend told me of a farmer named Even Pluribus who spoke a most unusual kind of English. So I went to visit Farmer Pluribus, and there is a transcript of our interview

Formalizing Mathematical Knowledge as a Biform Theory Graph: A Case Study

A biform theory is a combination of an axiomatic theory and an algorithmic theory that supports the integration of reasoning and computation. These are ideal for formalizing algorithms that manipulate mathematical expressions. A theory graph is a network of theories connected by meaning-preserving theory morphisms that map the formulas of one theory to the formulas of another theory. Theory graphs are in turn well suited for formalizing mathematical knowledge at the most convenient level of abstraction using the most convenient vocabulary. We are interested in the problem of whether a body of mathematical knowledge can be effectively formalized as a theory graph of biform theories. As a test case, we look at the graph of theories encoding natural number arithmetic. We used two different formalisms to do this, which we describe and compare. The first is realized in ${\rm CTT}_{\rm uqe}$, a version of Church's type theory with quotation and evaluation, and the second is realized in Agda, a dependently typed programming language.Comment: 43 pages; published without appendices in: H. Geuvers et al., eds, Intelligent Computer Mathematics (CICM 2017), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 10383, pp. 9-24, Springer, 201

PERBANDINGAN MODAL SOSIAL ANGGOTA DI DUA KELOMPOK TANI (Studi Kasus Kelompok Tani Teratai Merah Dan Kelompok Tani Teratai Putih)

Social capital has an important role in achieving the goals of farmer groups. Each member of a farmer group has different social capital, even though the farmer group is in the same area. This research aims to analyze the comparison of social capital of members of the Red Lotus Farmers Group and the White Lotus Farmers Group in Cinandang Village, Dawarblandong District, Mojokerto Regency and to analyze the relationship between social capital and farmer group class. The research method uses quantitative methods. Sampling was carried out using a stratified random sampling approach. The data used is data from interviews with 40 members of the Red Lotus Farmers Group and 27 members of the White Lotus Farmers Group. The analysis technique used is the Mann-Whitney test and the software used is IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Based on the research results, there are differences in the social capital (trust, social norms, networks and participation) of members of the Red Lotus Farmers Group and the White Lotus Farmers Group. The differences between members of the Red Lotus Farmers Group and the White Lotus Group are due to different indicator scores of trust, social norms, networks and participation of farmer group members. The social capital correlation test shows that there is a relationship between social capital and farmer group class

Book review: Crime: The Mystery of the Common Sense Concept

Crime: The Mystery of the Common Sense Concept Reiner Robert , Crime: The Mystery of the Common Sense Concept, Polity: Cambridge, 2016; 272 pp.: 9780745660301, £50.00 (hbk)