Ethanol internal reforming in solid oxide fuel cells: A path toward high performance metal-supported cells for vehicular applications

Internal reforming of ethanol fuel was investigated on high-performance metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells (MS-SOFCs) with infiltrated catalysts. The hydrogen concentration and internal reforming effects were evaluated systematically with different fuels including: hydrogen, simulated reformate, anhydrous ethanol, ethanol water blend, and hydrogen-nitrogen mixtures. A simple infiltration of Ni reforming catalyst into 40 vol% Ni-Sm0.20Ce0.80O2-δ (Ni-SDCN40) and fuel-side metal support leads to complete internal reforming, as confirmed by comparison to simulated reformate. The performance difference between hydrogen and fully-reformed ethanol is attributed entirely to decrease in hydrogen concentration. High peak power density was achieved for a range of conditions, for example 1.0 W cm−2 at 650 °C in ethanol-water blend, and 1.4 W cm−2 at 700 °C in anhydrous ethanol fuel. Initial durability tests with ethanol-water blend show promising stability for 100 h at 700 °C and 0.7 V. Carbon is not deposited in the Ni-SDCN40 anode during operation

LARVACIDE EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF PIPERIS NIGRI FRUCTUS AGAINST AEDES AEGYPTZ LINN. LARVA

Five concentration OF ethanol extract of Piperis nigri Fructus (Black pepper), i.e. 1.3.5, 7 and 9 ppm were investigated their activity against Aedes aegypti Linn. larva. Temephos 2 ppm and tap water were used as the positive and negative control respectively. All treatments were done in five times replication. The number of dead larvas after 24 hours exposure was then calculated. The data were analysed using Probir analysis. It can be concluded that there was significant difference on the ability between the negative control and all five concentration of ethanol extract tested against the larva. However there was no any significant difference of ethanol extract 9 ppm compared to that of positive control. LC90 (Lethal Concentration 90% ) is 8.374 PP

PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL BY FED-BATCH FERMENTATION

The production of ethanol, from glucose in batch and fed batch culture, was investigated. In the fed batch culture, the glucose feeding was added into the culture at 16th hour of fermentation. The effects of different glucose concentration feeding rates on ethanol fermentation were investigated for fed batch culture. The 2gL-1hr-1 glucose concentration feeding rate was found to give higher ethanol yield (2.47 g ethanol g glucose-1), with respect to substrate consumed as compared to 8 gL-1hr-1 (0.23 g ethanol g glucose-1) and 4 gL-1hr-1 (0.20 g ethanol g glucose-1). The ethanol yield with respect to substrate consumed obtained in batch culture was 0.81 g ethanol g glucose-1. The fed batch culture at 2 gL-1hr-1 glucose concentration feeding rate was proven to be a better fermentation system than the batch culture. The specific growth rate, specific glucose consumption rate and specific ethanol production rate for the fed batch fermentation, at 2 gL-1hr-1 glucose concentration feeding rate, were 0.065 hr-1, 1.20 hr-1 and 0.0009 hr-1, respectively

On the mechanism of separation of ethanol/water mixtures by pervaporation I. Calculations of concentration profiles

A solution—diffusion model for the permeation of liquid mixtures through polymeric membranes taking into account coupling of fluxes has been developed. The model is applied to the separation by pervaporation of ethanol—water mixtures through cellulose acetate. In order to determine the activities of the permeating components in the polymeric membrane, values of polymer—liquid and liquid—liquid interaction parameters are needed; polymer—liquid interaction parameters have been determined from swelling experiments and liquid—liquid interaction parameters have been calculated from excess free energy of mixing data taken from the literature.\ud \ud Concentration profiles of water and ethanol in cellulose acetate membranes have been calculated using (a) apparent concentration independent diffusion coefficients, and (b) diffusion coefficients with exponential concentration dependence and two adjustable parameters. It is discussed that the transport of ethanol—water mixtures by pervaporation cannot be explained by using concentration independent diffusion coefficient

Preparation of Wine from Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus lam)Juice Using Baker yeast: Effect of Yeast and Initial Sugar Concentrations

The overproduction of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam) during harvest season and its short shelf-life have caused serious losses for farmers. Fortunately, high sugar content of the fruit pulp makes the juice a potential substrate for wine production. This work was purposed to investigate the effect of yeast and initial sugar concentrations on jackfruit juice wine fermentation. Clarified jackfruit juice of 14 % w/w sugar concentration was fermented using 0.5 to 2.0 % w/v Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) under anaerobic condition at 30°C for 14 days. Samples were collected daily for ethanol and sugar contents analysis. The profile of sugar and ethanol concentration as function of fermentation time, showed that higher yeast inoculums rate and initial sugar concentrations inhibited growth of yeasts. The fermentation of original jackfruit juice of 14 % w/w sugar concentration using 0.5% w/v yeast for 9 days was the best to produce a good quality wine with 12.13% v/v of ethanol and specific jackfruit aroma

Delignification by Using Alkaline-acid Pretreatment on Bioethanol Production From Rice Straw

Rice straw as agricultural waste contains cellulose that potentially to produce ethanol. However, it has lignin content that will inhibit the enzyme in converting glucose into ethanol. In this research, pretreatment steps aim to release and breakdown lignin in rice straw. Pretreatment was conducted in two phases, alkaline pretreatment using NaOH (1%,2%,3%,4%,and 5%) and acid pretreatment using 1% H2SO4 with various heating time (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes) and used for ethanol production by means of Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) with cellulose enzyme and Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. The results showed that higher NaOH concentration using on alkaline pretreatment and longer heating time on acid pretreatment made morbe degraded lignin content. The highest ethanol content produced was 48.38% from delignification treatment with NaOH concentration of 5% and acid pretreatment time of 150 minutes

On the mechanism of separation of ethanol/water mixtures by pervaporation II. Experimental concentration profiles

Ethanol—water concentration profiles in cellulose acetate membranes were measured under steady-state pervaporation conditions. Knowledge of these profiles leads to a better understanding of the diffusion process during pervaporation. The concentration profiles were determined by a film-stack method, using three to six layers. It is shown that permeation of ethanol—water mixtures proceeds in a coupled way and that crossterm diffusion coefficients need to be considered. Furthermore, the occurrence of sorption resistances at the feed/membrane interface can be established from these experiment

Impact of Temperature, Ethanol and Cell Wall Material Composition on Cell Wall-Anthocyanin Interactions.

The effects of temperature and ethanol concentration on the kinetics of anthocyanin adsorption and desorption interactions with five cell wall materials (CWM) of different composition were investigated. Using temperatures of 15 °C and 30 °C and model wine with ethanol concentrations of 0% and 15% (v/v) over 120 min, the adsorption and desorption rates of five anthocyanin-glucosides were recorded in triplicate. Small-scale experiments were conducted using a benchtop incubator to mimic a single berry fermentation. Results indicate that more than 90% of the adsorption occurs within the first 60 min of the addition of anthocyanins to CWM. However, desorption appears to occur much faster, with maximum desorption being reached after 30 min. The extent of both adsorption and desorption was clearly dependent not only on temperature and ethanol concentration but also on the CWM composition

Preferential sorption versus preferential permeability in pervaporation

Transport of liquids by pervaporation takes place by a solution—diffusion mechanism. In order to investigate the “solution part” of this transport model, preferential sorption has been compared with preferential permeability. Sorption equilibria and pervaporation experiments for the systems water—ethanol—cellulose acetate, water—ethanol—polyacrylonitrile and water—ethanol—polysulfone have been investigated. Theoretical values of preferential sorption have been derived from Flory—Huggins thermodynamics, extended with concentration dependent interaction parameters. These calculated sorption values show a reasonable agreement with experimental values. The large difference in molar volumes between water and ethanol determines the preferential sorption of water in these systems to a great extent, and this effect increases with decreasing swelling value. Comparison of preferential sorption experiments with pervaporation experiments indicates that, apart from the effect of differences in diffusivity for the permeating components, preferential sorption contributes to a major extent to selective transport