Megafaunal Extinctions and the Disappearance of a Specialized Wolf Ecomorph

The gray wolf (Canis lupus) is one of the few large predators to survive the Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions [1]. Nevertheless, wolves disappeared from northern North America in the Late Pleistocene, suggesting they were affected by factors that elimi- nated other species. Using skeletal material collected from Pleistocene permafrost deposits of eastern Beringia, we present a comprehensive analysis of an extinct vertebrate by exploring genetic (mtDNA), mor- phologic, and isotopic (d 13C, d 15N) data to reveal the evolutionary relationships, as well as diet and feeding behavior, of ancient wolves. Remarkably, the Late Pleistocene wolves are genetically unique and morphologically distinct. None of the 16 mtDNA haplo- types recovered from a sample of 20 Pleistocene eastern-Beringian wolves was shared with any mod- ern wolf, and instead they appear most closely related to Late Pleistocene wolves of Eurasia. Moreover, skull shape, tooth wear, and isotopic data suggest that east- ern-Beringian wolves were specialized hunters and scavengers of extinct megafauna. Thus, a previously unrecognized, uniquely adapted, and genetically dis- tinct wolf ecomorph suffered extinction in the Late Pleistocene, along with other megafauna. Consequen- tly, the survival of the species in North America de- pended on the presence of more generalized forms elsewhere.Peer reviewe