Dairy Market Participation with Endogenous Livestock Ownership: Evidence from Cote d'Ivoire

This study evaluates determinants of dairy market participation by agricultural households in Cote dIvoire by using the Heckman selection model to correct for endogenous cattle ownership. A key result is that ignoring the population of non-owners biases estimates of market participation parameters. These findings are important in light of the widespread application of livestock market participation analyses that assume cattle ownership is exogeneous.Cote dIvoire, dairy, endogenous adoption, Heckman selection model, market participation, Livestock Production/Industries,

The Global Arms Trade Network 1950-2007

We study the evolution of the global arms trade network using a unique dataset on all international transfers of major conventional weapons over the period 1950-2007. First, we provide a careful description of the characteristics of global arms trade using tools from social network analysis. Second, we relate our …findings to political regimes by studying whether differences in polity scores affect the likelihood of arms trade by estimating an augmented gravity equation. Our findings from the network analysis are much in line with common views of the Cold War. We see a clear division between the Warsaw Pact and NATO, with the Soviet Union being more central to the former than the United States to the latter. We find that differences in polity has a significant, negative effect on the likelihood of arms trade between two countries. The relationship is remarkably robust throughout the sample period and does not hold for trade in any other good that we investigate. The result suggests that democracies are indeed more likely to trade arms with other democracies than with autocracies since the former are not perceived as potential adversaries. We view this finding as evidence in favour of the Democratic Peace Theory.Arms Trade; Networks; Democracy; Autocracy; NATO; The Warsaw Pact

The CFA Franc and the Monetary Arrangements between France and Cote dIvoire: Economic stability tools or means of Domination?

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공),2019. 8. 문우식.본 논문은 아프리카 프랑화 지역의 회원국으로서의 비용과 편익을 중심으로 통화 및 재정 관련 사항에서 코트디부아르와 프랑스의 양자 관계를 검토한다. 1945년 프랑스는 본국의 아프리카 식민지에서 통용될 법정화폐로 CFA 프랑을 발행했다. 독립 이후에도 코트디부아를 포함한 몇몇 과거 프랑스의 식민지였던 아프리카 국가들은 CFA 프랑을 국가통화로 사용하기로 했다. 이는 해본 국가 간 경제, 통화 및 재정적 협력에 관한 협정의 체결을 통해 법적 당위성을 확보하게 되었다. CFA 프랑과 프랑스와의 관계의 경제적 효과를 토대로 본 질적 분석은 코트디부아르가 CFA 프랑을 통하여 동 지역에 있는 타 국가들과 경제 및 통화 동맹을 맺음으로 경제통합을 이룰 수 있었다는 것을 발견했다. CFA 프랑의 사용은 견고한 지역 통화정책체계를 통해 코트디부아르의 통화 안정성을 보장하고 물가상승을 통제할 수 있게 해주었다. 프랑스 프랑, 그리고 향후 유 로와의 고정환율은 CFA 프랑에 대한 외환시장에서의 투기를 방지하였다. 추가로 이는 코트디부아르와 프랑스를 포함한 유럽연합국가 간의 무역을 촉진했고 거래에서 위험과 불확실성을 감소시키는 역할을 하였다. 한편, 본 연구는 CFA 프랑의 사용이 코트디부아르에 가져오는 손실과 불이익 또한 발견할 수 있었다. CFA 프랑의 운용체계는 대내적 자금조달에 제약을 가한다. 자유 교환성과 자유 대체성의 원칙은 코트디부아르에 대한 프랑스의 투자를 쉽게 하면서 프랑스로의 자본도피 또한 가능케 한다. CFA 프랑과 유로의 고정환율은 환율에 있어서 과대평가를 일으킬 뿐 아니라 아프리카 프랑화 지역의 경쟁력을 약화하여 무역실적에 큰 타격을 준다. 코트디부아르를 포함한 아프리카 프랑화 국가는 여전히 경제 및 통화의 관점에서 독립성을 보장받지 못하고 있다. 화폐 운용에 관한 프랑스의 영향은 여전히 코트디부아르가 프랑스의 통화 지배하에 있으며 CFA 프랑이 원칙적으로 코트디부아르의 경제발전을 억제한다는 인식을 준다. 경제 안정성과 물가상승률의 통제에 관하여 긍정적인 영향이 있는 반면 경제 성장과 생산성 확대, 일자리 창출에 대한 CFA 프랑의 영향력은 비교적으로 낮다. 그러므로 본 연구는 3개 수준에서의 행동적 접근을 제안한다. 첫 번째로 국가의 수준에서는 생산성 확대와 경제 성장 및 일자리 창출을 위해 결합적 및 구조적 경제개혁을 채택하여 이행하는 것이고 두 번째로는 서아프리카경제통화연합의 지역적 수준에서 CFA 프랑의 운용체계의 개혁에 대한 일치된 행동을 채택하여 각 국가의 경제에 반영하는 것이며 마지막으로 더 넓은 지역적 수준에서 서아프리카 경제 공동체의 공동통화를 생성하는 것이다. 마지막 수준에서의 행동은 CFA 프랑의 소멸을 의미하는 바이며 이를 위해서는 회원국 간의 효과적인 수렴이 필요할 것이다.This project examines the bilateral relations between France and Cote d'Ivoire, focusing on the monetary and financial arrangements, and notably the costs and benefits of using the CFA Franc as national currency. The study found that the CFA franc ensures monetary stability and allows Cote dIvoire to control the inflation level, thanks to a tight regional monetary policy framework. Its fixed parity with French franc and later on with Euro prevents it from speculation in foreign exchange market. Moreover, it facilitates trade between Cote dIvoire and France, while preventing risk and uncertainty in transactions. However, some losses and disadvantages has been identified for Cote dIvoires economy. The study found that the operating mechanism of the CFA franc does not enable a good financing of the economy with internal resources. the principles of free convertibility and free transferability favors capital flight at the expense of the local economy. The CFA franc fixed parity with Euro has unfortunately an overvaluation effect on the exchange rate and tends to penalize the competitiveness of the Franc zone countries economy and considerable losses in export revenues. The study also found that the influence of France in the operationalization of the currency reflects the common feeling that Cote dIvoire is still under monetary domination and that the CFA francs functioning principles inhibit its development. Therefore, the study suggests a three-level-action approach. The first, at national level, is the adoption and the implementation of conjunctural and structural economic reforms to stimulate roduction, growth and job creation; the second consist in a concerted action at the sub-regional level (in WAEMU) for the purpose of reforming the operationalization system of the CFA Franc and adapting it to the economy of the member countries, including Côte d'Ivoire; and finally, at the regional level, the realization of the project for the creation of the ECOWAS common currency. This last action should lead to the disappearance of the CFA Franc, but its implementation requires an effective economic convergence among these countries.CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ---------------------------------------------- 1 1-1. General approach------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1-2. Literature review ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 1-3. Outline of the study --------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 CHAPTER 2: ANALYSES OF THE PECULIARITY OF COTE DIVOIREFRANCE RELATIONS AND KEY FEATURE OF THE CFA FRANC ------- 13 2-1. Overview of the relationship between Cote dIvoire and France -------------- 13 2-1-1. Presentation of Cote dIvoire ----------------------------------------------------------- 13 2-1-2. Historical analysis and nature of the relations between Cote dIvoire and France…… -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 2-2. Analysis of the functioning mechanism of the CFA Franc ---------------------- 19 2-2-1. The constitutional principles of the CFA Franc ------------------------------------- 19 2-2-2. Institutional and administrative structure of the Central Bank ------------------- 24 CHAPTER 3: ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF THE USE OF THE CFA FRANC ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 3-1. Effectiveness and optimality of the monetary union from Cote dIvoires prospective ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 3-1-1. Brief review of the Optimal Currency Area (OCA) theory ----------------------- 26 3-1-2. Is the WAEMU an Optimal Currency Area for Cote dIvoire? ------------------- 29 3-2. Economic performance comparison with two non-WAEMU countries …………………33 3-3. Assessment of the monetary and financial arrangements economic spinoffs……………………….37 3-3-1. Evolution of Bilateral Trade ------------------------------------------------------------ 38 3-3-2. French Foreign Direct Investment in Cote dIvoire -------------------------------- 39 3-3-3. Economic and Development Assistance: France ODA to Cote dIvoire -------- 40 3-4. Survey on people's general perception of the CFA Franc ----------------------- 42 CHAPTER 4: MAJOR FINDINGS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS --------- 44 4-1. Major findings of the study ----------------------------------------------------------- 44 4-1-1. Advantages of the CFA Franc ---------------------------------------------------------- 44 4-1-2. Disadvantages of the CFA Franc ------------------------------------------------------- 45 4-2. Policy implications --------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ----------------------------- 55 REFERENCES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 ANNEXES: Survey results ----------------------------------------------------- 62Maste

The macroeconomics of adjustment in sub-Saharan African countries : results and lessons

Despite the satisfactory performance of several intensely adjusting sub-Saharan African countries - and successful results in agriculture and food production - the overall results of adjustment achieved in Africa have so far been modest. Adjustment has not yet succeeded in raising the rate of growth enough to make major inroads in reducing poverty. Sub-Saharan Africa's economic recovery is still fragile. Currency depreciation and inflationary pressures have not yet been fully subdued in several countries because of persistence of underlying expansionary fiscal and monetary policies. Many sub-Saharan countries still rely exclusively on external grants and concessional financing to close their fiscal gaps. Per capita consumption remains stagnant, and private investment has not yet revived. Unemployment rates are still high, particularly in urban areas, and poverty is on the rise. When there is civil strife, adjustment, of course, has not worked. There is a general consensus that consistent and unfetted implementation of adjustment policies and attainment of macroeconomic stability do improve the outlook for growth in Africa. But the record of implementation is mixed and uneven. Adjustment is necessary even if it is bound to work slowly. But for it to work at all depends on the strong commitment by leaders of these countries to sustain reform policies in the face of adverse and harsh external circumstances and domestic political pressures. What is less clear, and thus invokes controversy, is the speed, timing, and sequencing of adjustment programs. As each reform has a different impact on the various segments of the population - creating winners and losers - mediating among these conflicting claims is highly political. There are no technocratic solutions or quick fixes to provide satisfactory solutions. No amount of external assistance can help in this process. Consensus-building, open communications, consultations, and debate - and reaching compromises - will bring about the durable results. But in practice, this path has proved difficult. It is equally clear that adjustment policies, even when they are put in place after reaching internal consensus, will not lift African countries out of poverty. The agenda of policy reforms should be considered as part of the broader long-term development strategy of each country. This strategy should aim not only at changes in policies, but also at improving investment in human resources and physical infrastructure, accelerating opportunities for private sector development, enhancing the quality of governance, strengthening institutional capacity, and - most importantly - maintaining national solidarity and social cohesion.Environmental Economics&Policies,Achieving Shared Growth,Economic Theory&Research,Inequality,Poverty Assessment

KOREA INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR COTE DIVOIRE

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공), 2020. 8. 이영섭.코트디부아르는 1960년대 초부터 구조적 변화 과정을 시작했습니다. 이 프로세스에 사용되는 정책은 여전히 효과적이지 않은 것으로 나타났습니다. 그동안 코트디부아르와 비슷한 역사적, 경제적 특성을 공유하고 있는 한국은 3년 만에 경제를 성공적으로 이관한 성공적인 산업정책을 이행했다. 대부분의 문헌은 한국산업정책이 규제국가를 통한 제품순환이론의 개발상태를 통해서만 이같은 이론을 따르고 있다고 주장했지만, 우리는 한국의 역동적인 이론을 주장하고 있다. 한국의 산업정책은 연합적 접근을 따르고 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 한국의 성공사례의 경우 산업화에 의한 구조적 변화를 이루기 위해 연합론이 사용되는 패턴이라고 가정하고 있다. 첫째, 선진국을 이끈 산업 정책의 주요 이론적 접근방식을 분석합니다. 둘째, 연합이론을 적용해 한국산업정책에서 수립된 정책의 패턴을 검토했다. 궁극적으로, 이 논문은 코트디부아르의 미래 국가 계획 개발을 위한 산업 정책을 촉진하기 위한 적절한 전략 교훈을 그립니다. 이 연구에 따르면 1960년부터 1980년까지 LE, SME, HCI와의 강력한 연합 이론이 한국의 산업 정책을 주도해 왔다는 사실이 밝혀졌습니다. 다양한 유형의 기업 내에서의 변화는 Cote d'Ivoire가 국가 주도 기업의 승진을 암시하고 강력한 정부는 더 많은 p 생산 적 부문으로 정책을 전환 할 것입니다.Cote dIvoire has started its process of structural change since the early 1960s. It turns out that the policies used for this process are still not effective. In the meantime, Korea, which is sharing certain similar historical and economic characteristics with Cote dIvoire, implemented within three decades a successful industrial policy that shifted successfully its economy. Whereas most of literature argued that the Korean Industrial Policy is following solely either the statist theory through developmental state either the product cycle theory through regulatory state, we are conducting this analysis by claiming that the dynamic of Korean Industrial policy is following a coalitional approach. Thus, this research is assuming that coalition theory is the pattern used to achieve the structural transformation by industrialization in the case of the Korean success story. First, we analyze the main theoretical approaches of industrial policies that led those advanced countries. Secondly, we applied the coalition theory to examine the pattern of the policy formulated in Korean industrial policy. Ultimately, this paper draws appropriate strategy lessons to promote industrial policy for the development of the future national plan in Cote d'Ivoire. The research found that a strong coalition theory with LEs, SMEs and HCIs, from 1960 to 1980, has led the industrial policy of Korea. The shifting within different types of enterprises is implying for Cote dIvoire the promotion of state-led companies and a strong government will to shift the policy towards more p productive sectors.CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.0. Background of the study 1 1.1. Statement of the problem 2 1.2. Research objectives 5 1.3. Research questions and hypothesis 6 1.4. Scope of study and limitations 6 1.5. Research methodology 7 1.6. Significance of the study 9 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 11 2.0 Introduction 11 2.1. Definition of main concepts 11 2.1.1. Industrial Policy 11 2.1.2. Structural Transformation 14 2.1.3. Import substitution policy 15 2.1.4. Export-led policy 16 2.2. Theoretical frameworks of industrial policy 18 2.2.1. Developmental state 18 2.2.2. Regulatory State 24 2.2.3. Revisionist or Coalition Theory 27 2.2.4. Product Cycle Theory 33 2.3. Discussion on industrial policy 36 2.3.1. More requirements of industrial policy 36 2.3.2. Failure of european industrial policy 37 2.3.3. The non efficience of industrial policy for growth 38 CHAPTER THREE: ASSESSING ABOUT SOUTH KOREAN INDUSTRIAL POLICY FROM 1960 TO 1980 40 3.0. Introduction 40 3.1. Overview of Korean economic development 41 3.1.1. Per capita income rate from 1950 to 2015 43 3.1.2. Evolution of employement structure 45 3.1.3. Investment, domestic savings and foreign savings 46 3.2. Evolution of Korean industrial policy 47 3.2.1. Large Entreprises (LEs) from 1960 to 1970 49 3.2.2. Coalition with LEs from 60s to 70s 50 3.2.3. HCI from 70s 51 3.2.4. SMEs and LEs since 1980 53 3.2.5. Electronics Industry since 1990 54 3.3. Preliminar findings 56 CHAPTER FOUR : COTE D'IVOIRE INDUSTRIAL POLICY 59 4.0. Introduction 59 4.1. Evolution of ivorian Industrial policy 60 4.1.1 The phase of steady growth : 1960-1980 61 4.1.2. The cyclical growth phase: 1980-1999 63 4.1.3. The phase of socio-political crisis: 2000 to 2011 66 4.1.4. The phase of steady growth : 2012 to today 70 4.2. Comparison Cote d'Ivoire and South Korea 75 4.3. Conclusion and recommendations 81 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 84 5.0. Introduction 84 5.1. Findings from South Korean Industrial policy analysis 84 5.2. Policy implications for Cote d'ivoire industrial policy 85 5.3. Recomendations for further studies 86 5.4. General conclusion 87 REFERENCES 90 추상 94Maste

First introduction of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses in wild and domestic birds in Denmark, Northern Europe

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

Total Factor Productivity Growth in Agriculture: A Malmquist Index Analysis of 93 Countries,1980-2000

In this paper we examine levels and trends in agricultural output and productivity in 93 developed and developing countries that account for a major portion of the world population and agricultural output. We make use of data drawn from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and our study covers the period 1980-2000. Due to the non-availability of reliable input price data, the study uses data envelopment analysis (DEA) to derive Malmquist productivity indexes. The study examines trends in agricultural productivity over the period. Issues of catch-up and convergence, or in some cases possible divergence, in productivity in agriculture are examined within a global framework. The paper also derives the shadow prices and value shares that are implicit in the DEA-based Malmquist productivity indices, and examines the plausibility of their levels and trends over the study period.

Human Capital and Growth: Specification Matters

This paper suggests that the weak empirical effect of human capital on growth in existing cross-country studies is partly the result of an inappropriate specification that does not account for the different channels through which human capital aspects growth. A systematic replication of earlier results from the literature shows that both, initial levels and changes in human capital, have positive growth effects, while in isolation, each channel often appears insignificant. Studies that do not account for both channels might underestimate the effect of human capital due to convergence in human capital, in particular when measuring human capital in log average years of schooling. This study therefore complements alternative explanations for the weak growth effects of human capital based on outlier observations and measurement issues.Human Capital, Growth Regressions, Specification.

Effects of political economy on development in Cote d’Ivoire

Cote d’Ivoire presents a paradoxical picture on development: it ranks as a lower-middle income country and has had strong economic growth, yet it ranks low by human development – lower than countries with similar levels of per capita income. This helpdesk report synthesises evidence about the effects of political economy on development in Cote d’Ivoire, based on a rapid review of academic, practitioner, and policy literature in English and French published in the past five years. Available knowledge shows that four aspects of political economy have shaped the country’s development, playing out as key factors, issues, and dynamics: 1. a growing but imbalanced economy that works for elites; 2. a state that is a powerful resource, yet a weakened institution; 3. structural inequalities that lead to massive exclusion and marginalisation; and 4. sustained political conflict, contestation, and violence. Of all the actors operating in this context, Ivorian civilian elites, Ivorian armed forces, and foreign elites are the decisive ones