Conception Rate Pada Sapi Perah Laktasi Di Balai Besar Pembibitan Ternak Unggul Dan Hijauan Pakan Ternak Baturraden Purwokerto Jawa Tengah

The aim of this research was to determine the level of CR and the factors value that affect the level of CR at lactating dairy cattle in BBPTU-HPT Baturraden Purwokerto Central Java, on April, 29 th – May 13 th 2014. This research used sensus method with primary and secondary data. Analysis data used regression analysis with SPSS (Statistics Packet for Social Science) program.The result showed that the CR at BBPTU-HPT Baturraden is 36,60%. Factors affecting the value of CR were the herds man and the cattles. On the level of cattle are the education of herds man that negatively associated with factor value 2,130, number of the cattle that negatively assosiated with factor value 0,151, herdsman knowledge that negatively assosiated with factor value 2,637, thawing duration that negatively associated with factor value0,229 and the distance between the cowshed with office that possitively assosiated with factor value 0,198. Factor affecting the CR on dairy cattle are the age dairy cattle that negatively associated with factor value 0,313, days open that possitively with factor value 0,725, mating postpartus that negatively associated with factor value 0,661, calving interval that positively associated with factor value 0,950, lactating period that possitively associated with factor value 0,923 and dry period that negatively associated with factor value 0,966

Genetic Relationship of Body Energy and Blood Metabolites with Reproduction in Holstein Cows

Body condition score (BCS), energy content (EC), cumulative effective energy balance (CEEB), and blood serum concentrations of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and nonesterified fatty acids ( NEFA) were measured throughout first lactation in 497 Holstein cows raised on a large commercial farm in northern Greece. All these traits are considered to be indicators of a cow's energy balance. An additional measure of BCS, EC, and blood serum glucose, BHBA, and NEFA concentrations were taken approximately 2 mo (61 +/- 23 d) before first calving. During first lactation, first service conception rate, conception rate in the first 305 d of lactation, interval from calving to conception, number of inseminations per conception, incidence of metritis, and incidence of reproductive problems of these cows were recorded; interval between first and second calving, and second lactation first service conception rate were also recorded. Random regression models were used to calculate weekly animal breeding values for first lactation BCS, EC, CEEB, glucose, BHBA, and NEFA. Single trait animal models were used to calculate breeding values for these traits measured on pregnant heifers before calving. Reproductive records were then regressed on animal breeding values for these energy balance-related traits to derive estimates of their genetic correlations. Several significant estimates were obtained. In general, traits that are known to be positively correlated with energy balance (BCS, EC, CEEB, and glucose) were found to have a favorable genetic relationship with reproduction, meaning that increased levels of the former will lead to an enhancement of the latter. On the other hand, traits known to be negatively correlated with energy balance (BHBA and NEFA) were found to have an unfavorable genetic association with reproductive traits. Body condition score, BHBA, and NEFA recorded early in lactation, and glucose concentrations measured in pregnant heifers had the highest genetic correlation with future reproductive performance. Results suggest that genetic selection for body energy and blood metabolites could facilitate the genetic improvement of fertility and overall reproductive efficiency of dairy cows.</p

Economic consequences of reproductive performance in dairy cattle

The net economic value of reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle was estimated using a stochastic dynamic simulation model. The objective was to compare the economic consequences of reproductive performance scenarios (“average” and “poor”) of a cow having a good reproductive performance and to explore which reproductive factors have an important impact on economic efficiency. A “good” reproductive performance scenario was defined with 1 ovulation rate (POVUi), 0.7 estrus detection rate (PEst), 0.7 conception rate (PCon), 0.03 incidence rate of postpartum disorders prolonging the ovarian cyclicity (CO), 0.2 incidence rate of postpartum disorders reducing conception (ME), 0.05 embryonic death rate (ED), and voluntary waiting period (VWP) of 9 wks pp (post partum). In the current situation of dairy cows in the Netherlands, an “average” reproductive scenario (0.95 POVUi, 0.5 PEst, 0.5 Pcon, 0.07 CO, 0.27 ME, 0.07 ED and VWP of 12 wks pp) and a “poor” reproductive scenario (0.90 POVUi, 0.3 PEst, 0.3 Pcon, 0.11 CO, 0.33 ME, 0.09 ED and VWP of 15 wks pp) were identified. A sensitivity analysis was performed by comparing changes of single effect of factors in a good and poor scenario with the average scenario. The mean net economic loss (NELi) compared with the good scenario was €34 and €231 per cow per year for the average and poor reproductive performance scenario, respectively. Increasing the calving interval resulted in greater economic loss. The important factors on the cost of reproductive efficiency were the involuntary culling cost and the return of milk production. Variation in PCon, PEst, ME, ED, and VWP had large impacts on economic benefits. Keywords: Dairy cow; Reproductive performance; Simulation model; Economic

Penampilan Reproduksi Sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO) Dan Sapi Peranakan Limousin Di Kecamatan Sawoo Kabupaten Ponorogo Dan Kecamatan Tugu Kabupaten Trenggalek

The purpose of this study was to evaluate artificial insemination program on the reproduction performance of Ongole crossbred and Limousin crossbred cattle. The materials of the study were Ongole crossbred and Limousin crossbred cattle. Descriptive analysis was used to determine service per conception (S/C), days open (DO), calving interval (CI), conception rate (CR) and calving rate (CvR). Meanwhile, t-test was used to analyse differences among those variables. The study showed that the value of S/C, DO and CI between Ongole crossbred and Limousin crossbreed cattle differed significantly (P&lt;0.05). The average S/C, DO, CI of Ongole crossbred cattle were 1.3±0.32; 156.9±29.33 days; 430±43.72 days respectively. In addition, Ongole crossbred cattle had calving rate (CvR) as well as conception rate (CR) was 74%. Meanwhile Limousin crossbed cattle had 1.5±0.39 of S/C; 172.9±19.21 days of DO; 451.3±19.61 days of CI. Moreover, calving rate (CvR) and conception rate (CR) of Limousin crossbed cattle was 52%. The study concluded that reproduction performances of Ongole crossbred cattle were better than that of Limousin crossbred cattle

Replacement Costs, Stocks and the Valuation of Inputs

This unpublished paper, written for distribution on the OPE-L list, seeks to clarify the conception of socially necessary labour time in Marx’s conception of value. It shows that this is not reducible to ‘replacement cost’ as simultaneist authors argue. Moreover that the implied conception of a compulsion upon capitalists to replace consumed inputs, along with attendant concepts such as a physical surplus product arising from replacement in kind, is alien to Marx’s thinking. The notion of replacement cost leads to obvious logical contradiction, and a full treatment must account properly for stocks of constant capital. This is an earlier version of the paper by the same name that was submitted to the 1995 conference of the Eastern Economic AssociationValue, Price, Money, Labour, Marx, MELT, Okishio, TSSI, temporalism, rate of profit

Steam gasification of bagasse: Effect of heating rate

Bagasse residue is a potential feedstock for steam gasification, but knowledge of this technology is still small and fragmented. Heating rate is of the most important factors influencing the gasification process. However, this parameter has not yet been fully investigated. In this study, the characteristics of bagasse and its chars were identified, and the effect of heating rate on steam gasification kinetics was studied. Bagasse contained little ash content, comparable to woody biomass, which is beneficial for thermochemical conversion processes. The bagasse char had a high heating value, comparable to coal. Effect of a small change in heating rate from 5 to 15 °Cmin-1 was not observed, while a significant increase from 15 to 1800 °Cmin-1 had a considerable effect on steam gasification kinetics. A char produced at a high heating rate increased gasification kinetics by 1.35 times compared to a char produced at a low heating rate. Results and data produced could be useful for the conception of new gasifiers using bagasse, such as staged-gasifiers in which the char production zone is separated from the gasification zone

Phase locking below rate threshold in noisy model neurons

The property of a neuron to phase-lock to an oscillatory stimulus before adapting its spike rate to the stimulus frequency plays an important role for the auditory system. We investigate under which conditions neurons exhibit this phase locking below rate threshold. To this end, we simulate neurons employing the widely used leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) model. Tuning parameters, we can arrange either an irregular spontaneous or a tonic spiking mode. When the neuron is stimulated in both modes, a significant rise of vector strength prior to a noticeable change of the spike rate can be observed. Combining analytic reasoning with numerical simulations, we trace this observation back to a modulation of interspike intervals, which itself requires spikes to be only loosely coupled. We test the limits of this conception by simulating an LIF model with threshold fatigue, which generates pronounced anticorrelations between subsequent interspike intervals. In addition we evaluate the LIF response for harmonic stimuli of various frequencies and discuss the extension to more complex stimuli. It seems that phase locking below rate threshold occurs generically for all zero mean stimuli. Finally, we discuss our findings in the context of stimulus detection

Keynes, Sraffa and the Emergence of the General Theory: Some Thoughts

This note looks into the issue of whether or not Sraffa had any significant influence on Keynes’s thinking in the period of preparation of the General Theory. Questioning the view recently expressed by Pasinetti (2007), we suggest there is reason to surmise that Sraffa may have pointed Keynes to a way of escape from the traditional conception of the rate of interest, a line of thought which Keynes developed into the liquidity preference explanation of interest on money.General Theory (Emergence); LIquidity Preference; Sraffa; Own Rates