Asymmetric addition of chiral boron-ate complexes to cyclic iminium ions

Boron-ate complexes derived from enantioenriched secondary benzylic boronic esters and aryl lithiums have been reacted with quinolinium, pyridinium and dihydroisoquinolinium salts to give enantioenriched heterocyclic structures with very high diastereocontrol over two contiguous stereogenic centres (87: 1 3-99 : 1 dr; &gt;95 : 5 es). The salts were derived from the corresponding heterocycle and Troc-Cl or dimethylTroc-Cl. In the case of the quinolinium and pyridinium salts, the presence of a 3-carboxyamide group increased both reactivity and diastereoselectivity. The unusually high diastereoselectivity observed is thought to originate from strong cation-p interactions between the cationic heterocycle and the electron rich benzylic boronate complex with minimisation of steric interactions between the substituents on the ate complex and the non-planar substituents on the heterocycle.</p

Synthesis of enantioenriched alkylfluorides by the fluorination of boronate complexes

The enantiospecific conversion of chiral secondary boronic esters into alkylfluorides is reported. Boronate complexes derived from boronic esters and PhLi were used as nucleophiles, with Selectfluor II as the electrophilic fluorinating agent, to afford alkylfluorides in short reaction times. The addition of styrene as a radical trap was found to enhance enantiospecificity. A broad range of alkyl boronic esters were converted into alkylfluorides with almost complete enantiospecificity by this method.</p

Stereodivergent Olefination of Enantioenriched Boronic Esters

A stereodivergent coupling reaction between vinyl halides and boronic esters is described. This coupling process proceeds without a transition‐metal catalyst, instead proceeding by electrophilic selenation or iodination of a vinyl boronate complex followed by stereospecific syn or anti elimination. Chiral, nonracemic boronic esters could be coupled with complete enantiospecificity. The process enables the highly stereoselective synthesis of either the E or Z alkene from a single isomer of a vinyl coupling partner

Full chirality transfer in the synthesis of hindered tertiary boronic esters under in situ lithiation–borylation conditions

Using non-cryogenic lithiation–borylation, sterically hindered tertiary neopentyl glycol boronic esters can be prepared from secondary benzylic carbamates with full chirality transfer.</p

Homologation and Alkylation of Boronic Esters and Boranes by 1,2-Metallate Rearrangement of Boron Ate Complexes

Organoboranes and boronic esters readily undergo nucleophilic addition, and if the nucleophile also bears an a-leaving group, 1,2-metallate rearrangement of the ate complex results. Through such a process a carbon chain can be extended, usually with high stereocontrol and this is the focus of this review. A chiral boronic ester (substrate control) can be used for stereocontrolled homologations with (dichloromethyl) lithium in the presence of ZnCl2. Subsequent alkylation by an organometallic reagent also occurs with high levels of stereocontrol. Chiral lithiated carbanions (reagent control) can also be used for the reaction sequence with achiral boronic esters and boranes. Aryl-stabilized sulfur ylide derived chiral carbanions can be homologared with a range of boranes including vinyl boranes in good yield and high diastereo- and enantioselectivity. Lithiated alkyl chlorides react with boronic esters, again with high stereocontrol, but both sets of reactions are limited in scope. Chiral lithiated carbamates show the greatest substrate scope and react with both boronic esters and boranes with excellent enantioselectivity. Furthermore, iterative homologation with chiral lithiated carbamates allows carbon chains to be "grown" with control over relative and absolute stereochemistry. The factors responsible for stereocontrol are discussed. (C) 2009 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 9: 24-39; 2009: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20168</p

Molecular Networks in Dynamic Multilevel Systems

Dynamic multilevel systems can be assembled from molecular building blocks through two or more reversible reactions that form covalent bonds. Molecular networks of dynamic multilevel systems can exhibit different connectivities between nodes. The design and creation of molecular networks in multilevel systems require control of the crossed reactivity of the functional groups (how to connect nodes) and the conditions of the reactions (when to connect nodes). In recent years, the combination of orthogonal and communicating reactions, which can be simultaneous or individually activated, has produced a variety of systems that have given rise to macrocycles and cages, as well as molecular motors and multicomponent architectures on surfaces. A given set of reactions can lead to systems with unique responsiveness, compositions, and functions as a result of the relative reactivities. In this Concept article, different molecular networks from synthetic systems that can be produced by combinations of different reaction types are discussed. Moreover, applications of this chemistry are highlighted, and future perspectives are envisioned.Fil: Orrillo, Alfredo Gastón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Escalante, Andrea Marta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Martinez Amezaga, Maitena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Cabezudo, Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Furlan, Ricardo Luis Eugenio. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin