Bioalcohol As Green Energy -A review

Bioethanol has now become a big industry and this industry seems to become much bigger in the near future. People regard bioethanol as renewable and sustainable new energy source, although some contraversies such as the rivalry of bioethanol for human food widely exist. Actually, bioethanol can also be a good source of basic raw materials. In early days, ethylene, the most important organic chemical raw material, was produced from dehydration of ethanol. Later, things reversed as petrochemical industry well developed after World War II, when industrial ethanol was mostly produced mainly via hydration of ethylene. Now that bioethanol has already become an important fuel blender, we should well expect that bioethanol should also be new resources for basic organic raw materials, as well as other more valuable fine and specialty chemicals, instead of merely a fuel blender. Nowadays, countless new bioethanol companies are setting up every day. It should lead to more research on bioethanol also as a starting raw chemical material

Hungary’s Biofuel Market

In 2005 the Hungarian Exise Tax Act was amended regarding the sale of biofuels. The amendment stipulated that from July 1, 2007 fuels with a 4.4 volume percentage bioethanol content will be sold in Hungary. It equally stipulated that from January 1, 2008 fuels with a 4.4 volume percentage biodiesel content will also be sold. Hungary’s stated 2010 biofuel objective is 5.75%, which is calculated in relation to energy content. Blending requirements for this transition are 144 thousand tonnes of bioethanol (or 106 thousand tonnes of ETBE, due to its higher energy content) and 183 thousand tonnes of biodiesel. Hungary’s planned biofuel production capacities are approximately 3 million tonnes of bioethanol and 400 thousand tonnes of biodiesel, which seems farfetched both from a raw material and market point of view. Generous long-term estimates predict bioethanol production will utilise 40-50% of Hungary’s maize production, (3-4 million tonnes) and 1.2 million tonnes of wheat. And from this would come 1.4-1.7 million tonnes of bioethanol. Hungarian rape and sunflower seed total approximately 850 thousand tonnes, and from this approximately 255 thousand tonnes of biodiesel could be produced. Hungarian domestic demand does not require this much product, and these quantities would entail major exports, especially for bioethanol (1.2-1.5 M tonnes).Production, consumption and export of bioethanol and biodiesel, raw material supply and handling of by-products, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Marketing,

125th anniversary review: fuel alcohol: current production and future challenges

Global research and industrial development of liquid transportation biofuels are moving at a rapid pace. This is mainly due to the significant roles played by biofuels in decarbonising our future energy needs, since they act to mitigate the deleterious impacts of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere that are contributors of climate change. Governmental obligations and international directives that mandate the blending of biofuels in petrol and diesel are also acting as great stimuli to this expanding industrial sector. Currently, the predominant liquid biofuel is bioethanol (fuel alcohol) and its worldwide production is dominated by maize-based and sugar cane-based processes in North and South America, respectively. In Europe, fuel alcohol production employs primarily wheat and sugar beet. Potable distilled spirit production and fuel alcohol processes share many similarities in terms of starch bioconversion, fermentation, distillation and co-product utilisation, but there are some key differences. For example, in certain bioethanol fermentations, it is now possible to yield consistently high ethanol concentrations of ~20% (v/v). Emerging fuel alcohol processes exploit lignocellulosic feedstocks and scientific and technological constraints involved in depolymerising these materials and efficiently fermenting the hydrolysate sugars are being overcome. These so-called secondgeneration fuel alcohol processes are much more environmentally and ethically acceptable compared with exploitation of starch and sugar resources, especially when considering utilisation of residual agricultural biomass and biowastes. This review covers both first and second-generation bioethanol processes with a focus on current challenges and future opportunities of lignocellulose-to-ethanol as this technology moves from demonstration pilot-plants to full-scale industrial facilities

Finding a suitable catalyst for on-board ethanol reforming using exhaust heat from an internal combustion engine

Ethanol steam reforming with pure ethanol and commercial bioethanol (S/C = 3) was carried out inside the housing of the exhaust gas pipe of a gasoline internal combustion engine (ICE) by using exhaust heat (610–620 °C). Various catalytic honeycombs loaded with potassium-promoted cobalt hydrotalcite and with ceria-based rhodium–palladium catalysts were tested under different reactant loads. The hydrogen yield obtained over the cobalt-based catalytic honeycomb at low load (F/W 200 h) at high load (F/W = 150 mLliq·gcat-1·h-1, GHSV = 2.4·103 h-1) showed that promotion of the ceria-supported noble metal catalyst with alumina and zirconia is a key element for practical application using commercial bioethanol. HRTEM analysis of post mortem honeycombs loaded with RhPd/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2–Al2O3 showed no carbon formation and no metal agglomeration.Postprint (author's final draft

Sugar palm (Argena pinnata). Potential of sugar palm for bio-ethanol production

The energetic and economic feasibility of bioethanol production from sugar palm is virtually unknown. A positive factor are the potentially very high yields while the long non-productive juvenile phase and the high labor needs can be seen as problematic. Expansion to large scale sugar palm cultivation comes with risks. Small-scale cultivation of sugar palm perfectly fits into local farming systems. In order to make a proper assessment of the value palm sugar as bio-ethanol crop more information is needed

The changes of burning efficiency emission and power output of a diesel engine fueled by bioethanol – biodiesel-diesel oil mixtures

The environmental pollution and the decrease of the oil based fuels are the greatest problems of the automotive-industry at the start of the 21st century. There were and certainly there are a number of experiments to aiming substitute the petrol and the diesel oil with other fuels. One group of these substitutable fuels is the bioethanol – biodiesel – diesel oil mixtures. These mixtures are very similar to the fuels used today, as it can be used in the engines without any structural changes. At the Technical University of Budapest investigations have been made to explore the possibility of using bioethanol – biodiesel – diesel oil mixtures in vehicles and agricultural engines. The main aspects of the researches was find blends that are substitutable for diesel oil consisting of the most renewable part as possible, reaching the same or similar power output and lower the emissions. The experimentations were based on mixing bioethanol and biodiesel with diesel oil. Our idea was, when the biofuels are mixed they supplement each other, cutting the negative effect of each and increasing the renewable component rate in the fuel. During the researches the two main requirements of the fuel were: the maximal possible renewable part with which the engine does not need any changes, yet meets the prerequisites set by diesel oil and to have the same power and better emissions with the blend. The low (up to 20%) biofuel rate was important, while the first step of introduction is possible with low rates. The experiments were maid at engine benches with different engines, one-cylinder measurements, cetin-number determination, viscosity determination, life cycle analysis and cost benefit analysis. In conclusion of the research it could be established that the use of bioethanol-biodiesel-diesel oil emulsion in agricultural engines is in technicality already solved, as no changes are needed on the engine, and it also reduces the emissions and is economically justified

Comparasion of iles-iles and cassava tubers as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae substrate fermentation for bioethanol production

Produksi bioetanol meningkat dengan cepat karena merupakan energi terbarukan untuk mengatasi krisis energi yang disebabkan oleh habisnya minyak fosil. Produksi bioetanol skala besar di industri umumnya menggunakan bahan baku seperti tebu, jagung, dan ubi kayu yang juga diperlukan sebagai sumber makanan. Oleh karena itu, banyak studi pada proses bioetanol terkait dengan penggunaan bahan baku yang tidak bersaing dengan pasokan makanan. Salah satu alternatif bahan baku dapat dimanfaatkan untuk produksi bioetanol adalah bahan berpati yang tersedia secara lokal yaitu iles-iles (Amorphophallus mueller Blum). Kandungan karbohidrat umbi iles-iles sekitar 71,12% yang sedikit lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan umbi singkong (83,47%). Pengaruh berbagai bahan awal, konsentrasi pati, pH, waktu fermentasi dipelajari. Konversi dari bahan berpati menjadi etanol memiliki tiga langkah, pencairan dan sakarifikasi dilakukan dengan α-amilase dan amyloglucosidase kemudian difermentasi dengan ragi S.cerevisiaie. Bioetanol tertinggi diperoleh pada variabel berikut rasio pati: air = 1:4; likuifaksi dengan 0,40 mL α-amilase (4h); sakarifikasi dengan amyloglucosidase 0,40 mL (40h); fermentasi dengan 10 mL S.cerevisiae (72h) memproduksi bioetanol 69,81 g/L dari singkong sementara 53,49 g/L dari umbi iles-iles. Pada kondisi optimum, gula total dihasilkan 33.431 g/L dari ubi kayu sementara 16.175 g/L dari umbi iles-iles. Pengaruh pH menunjukkan bahwa etanol yang dihasilkan terbaik diperoleh pada pH fermentasi 5,5 baik untuk ubi kayu maupun umbi iles-iles. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa umbi iles-iles menjanjikan sebagai bahan baku bioetanol karena menghasilkan bioetanol hampir sama dengan ubi kayu. Key words: singkong, iles-iles, etanol, energi alternatif

Ethanol Production from Non Food Tubers of Iles-iles (Amorphophallus campanulatus) using Hydrolyzes by Commercial Enzymes (α and β amylase) and Fermentation by Saccharomices cereviseae

The decrease of oil production caused the increase on the price of fossil fuels. This paper was investigated the possibility of Amorphophallus campanulatus or known as âiles-ilesâ by Javanese people, which is known have a high carbohydrate content, as a raw material to produce bioethanol. The first stage of the process was hydrolyzes the starch, combined by liquefaction and saccharification of the starch from âiles-ilesâ using α and β amylase. The process was followed by fermentation of glucose with the help of S. cerevisiae. To obtain the maximum ethanol content, several parameter had been studied, such as the type S. cerevisiae (pure, dry, wet and instant), the dosage of α-amylase, β-amylase and also DAP dosage as a nutrient support for S. cerevisiae. The result shows that the highest ethanol concentration obtained in fermentation using dry S. cereviseae for 72 h with 10.2% (v/v) of ethanol. The highest total sugar content by hydrolysis was achieved by 0.0032 mL α-amylase/g, while β-amylase was 0.0064 mL β-amylase/g (12.5% of glucose). This is show that with increasing of α and β amylase dosages, the total sugar formed was increased. The DAP (Diammonium phosphate) was used as a Nitrogen supply which is needed by S. cerevisiae to growth and as a results can increase the level of ethanol produced. The additional of DAP in the fermentation prove that it can enhance 8.45% (v/v) of ethanol. Therefore, it can be concluded that the highest levels of ethanol with conventional methods of âiles-ilesâ was obtained at 72 h using the dry S. cerevisiae, with 0.0032 and 0.0064 mL enzyme/g of α and β amylase, respectively. This result shows that the plant seems to be a potential raw material for bioethanol