THE CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF BETA ENDORPHIN, INTERSLEUKIN-2, INTERLEUKIN-4, INTERLEUKIN-6, IMUNOGLOBULIN AND CORTISOL HORMONE ON THE PRACTICES OF SATRIA NUSANTARA

The purpose of this research is to reveal the changes of immunity at breathing exercises. This is an experimental research study. This research used “randomized pretest-posttest control group design. The populations involved in this study were the students of MA Mu’alimin, Yogyakarta. The samples of this research were 15 students for each group. The unit analysis in this research was the blood taken from vena cubiti. In this research, there were dependent variables which involved the levels of IL 6, IL 4, IL 2, cortisol, Beta Endorphin, and IgG. The training programme was conducted in 7 weeks, 3 times per week, submaximal intensity, and 6 sets per session. This programme was conducted in the afternoon. The inspection of the laboratory variable used the ELISA method. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistic using SPSS for windows. This research also used statistical multivariate analysis abd discriminant analysis. The result showed that the data of samples’ characteristics after normality test was p>0,05, normal, and homogeneous (p>0,05). The result of moderate variables (Table 5.2) included in normal span. The dependent variables after the normality test got p>0,05, normal, and after the levene test got p>0,05, homogeneous. The result of Manova Test was p: 0,000 which implied that there were differences among the groups (Wilk Lambda p<0,05). At the matrix discriminant structure, it can be explained that the correlation between independent variables and the discriminant function formed with beta endorphin (0,501) had the strongest relation to the discriminant function, followed by interleukin 6 (0,367) while the other variables had less significant relation. Discriminator variables representing the function contributed to every discriminator of modulation immunity were beta endorphin, interleukin 6 and interleukin 4. Hence, beta endorphin had the strongest contribution to the increase of body immunity compared with other variables. Conclusion: Based on the result discussed above and the descriptive research reported by Suparto (2001) showed that breathing exercises could increase physical fitness and impenetrability of proven body manifestly. Breathing exercise increased beta endorphin, immunoglobulin G and interleukin 6, while interleukin 2 and interleukin 4 did not increase. Cartisol did not decrease significantly but there was an indication of the decrease of the level of cortisol. Immunity modulator which caused breathing exercise stressor got by 3 groups with strong contribution on the basis concept of psychoneuroimmunologic. Breathing exercise represented the stimuli of the limbic – hypothalamus – pituitary – adrenal (LHPA) tract which created immunomodulator process on the basis of physiobiology paradigm with the concept of psychoneuroimmunologic

PENGARUH SENAM PERNAFASAN “SATRIA NUSANTARA” TERHADAP PERUBAHAN KADAR β-ENDORPHIN (Sebuah Kajian Endokrinologi Pada Aktivitas Fisik)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap perubahan kadar beta endorphin akibat latihan Senam Pernafasan "Satria Nusantara". Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Randomized pretest-posttest group design. Sampel sejumlah 15 orang laki-laki. Pelatihan dilaksanakan selama 7 minggu, 3 kali perminggu. Sampel darah (serum) diambil 3 kali yaitu pada awal sebelum latihan, 45 menit dan 24 jam setelah latihan terakhir. Pemeriksaan laboratorium menggunakan metode ELISA (Enzym Linked Imunosorbent Assay). Analisis data menggunakan uji t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata kadar serum pretest sebesar 16,62 ng/ml, 45 menit post exercise sebesar 20,86 ng/ml dan 24 jam post exercise sebesar 20,39 ng/ml. Setelah dilakukan uji t, didapatkan bahwa kadar beta endorphin pretest-postest 45 menit terjadi peningkatan yang signifikan dengan p=0,000, dan pada pretest-postest 24 jam juga terdapat peningkatan yang signifikan dengan p=0,000. Disimpulkan bahwa peningkatan kadar beta endorphin 45 menit setelah latihan jauh lebih tinggi dibanding dengan pengukuran 24 jam setelah latihan. Jarak waktu pengambilan 45 menit dan 24 jam telah menunjukkan adanya penurunan kadar beta endorphin. Terjadinya penurunan ini menunjukkan adanya indikasi ke arah pulih asal. Kata kunci: beta endorphin, olahraga pernafasan. FIK, 2007 (PEND. KEPELATIHAN

PENGARUH OLAHRAGA PERNAFASAN TERHADAP PERUBAHAN KADAR BETA ENDORPHIN, INTERLEUKIN-2, INTERLEUKIN-4, INTERLEUKIN-6, IMUNOGLOBULIN G, dan HORMON KORTISOL (Sebuah Kajian Imunologi Pada Aktivitas Fisik)

The purpose of the research to expressing the changing of immunity at breathing exercise. This research represent of experimental. Device used “randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Population is student M A Mu'Alimin Yogyakarta. sample at every group 15 people. As unit analyse in this research taken away from blood cubiti vena. At this research which specified as variable depended as follows: rate of IL 6, IL 4, IL 2, cortisol, Beta Endorphin, and IgG. Training program conducted during 7 week, 3x /week, submaximal intensity, 6 set/session. This program executed on evening. Inspection laboratory of variable use ELISA method. The data analysis with descriptive statistic and inferensial with computerize SPSS for windows. Then statistical multivariat analysis and discriminant analysis. The result showed that sample characteristic data after normality test got p>0,05 normal, and homogeneous (p>0,05). Result of the moderator variable (tables 5.2) included in normal span. Dependent variable, after normality test got p>0,05, normal, and lavene’s test got p>0,05, homogeneous. Result of manova got p: 0,000, its meaning there are difference between group (Wilk Lambda, p<0,05). At discriminant matric structure can be explained the correlation between free variable and discriminant function formed that seen beta endorphin (0.501) its more strong relation with of discriminant function, followed by interleukin 6 (0.367). while other have less meaning. Discriminator variable representing function contribution every discriminator to modulation immunity emerging is beta endorphin, interleukin 6 and interleukin 4. Thereby hence beta endorphin have strongest contribution to increase immunity compared to the other variable. Conclusion: On the fact result, descriptive research which reported by Suparto, (2001), that breathing exercise can increase physical fitness and impenetrability of proven body manifestly. Breathing exercise increase beta endorphin, immunoglobulin G and Interleukin 6, while interleukin 2 and interleukin 4 do not happened increase. Cortisol nor happened degradation meaning, but at treatment and also control group there are indicate degradation of rate cortisol. Immunity Modulation which cause breathing exercise stressor got by 3 group owning strong contribution on the basis concept of psychoneuroimmunologic. Breathing exercise represent stimuli at path of limbic-hipothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (LHPA) generating immunomodulator process on the basis of physiobiologic paradigm which psychoneuroimmunologic concept. Keyword: breathing exercise, immunity, modulation FIK, 2007 (PEND. KEPELATIHAN

Pengaruh Murottal Al-quran terhadap Peningkatan Kadar Beta-endorphin dan Penurunan Tingkat Nyeri Pasien Post Sectio Caesarea

Tindakan sectio caesarea melalui insisi kulit abdomen bagi pasien akan menimbulkan rasa nyeri pasca operasi. Manajemen nyeri dengan terapi analgesik tetap menimbulkan nyeri kembali 6 jam paska analgesik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh murottal Al-Quran terhadap peningkatan kadar Beta-Endorphin dan penurunan tingkat nyeri pasien post Sectio Caesarea. Penelitian menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan pendekatan desain pretest-posttest with control group. Sampel sebanyak 40 responden dari kelompok yang diberikan murottal Al-Quran dan kelompok kontrol menggunakan teknik purposive sampling sesuai dengan kriteria sampel. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji statistik wilcoxon, mann whitney U dan korelasi spearman. Berdasarkan hasil uji Wilcoxon Sign Test, Nilai p kadar Beta-Endorphin dan tingkat nyeri sebelum dengan sesudah intervensi pada kelompok perlakuan adalah 0,005 dan 0,0001. Berdasarkan Mann Whitney U Test, Nilai p kadar Beta-Endorphin dan tingkat nyeri setelah intervensi antara kelompok perlakuan dengan kelompok kontrol adalah 0,034 dan 0,001. Berdasarkan Spearman Rho Test untuk hubungan Perubahan kadar Beta-Endorphin dengan Perubahan tingkat nyeri didapatkan nilai p=0,026. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah terdapat perbedaan signifikan kadar Beta-Endorphin dan tingkat nyeri sebelum dengan sesudah intervensi pada kelompok perlakuan. Terdapat perbedaan signifikan kadar Beta-Endorphin dan tingkat nyeri setelah intervensi antara kelompok perlakuan dengan kelompok kontrol. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara Perubahan kadar Beta-Endorphin dengan Perubahan tingkat nyeri pada kelompok perlakuan

Heroin-piracetam mixture: suggested mechanisms of action and risks of misinterpretation for drug users

Piracetam is a positive allosteric modulator of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor that has been frequently used in the treatment of cognitive disorders. Press and internet reports indicate that the use of piracetam, as a heroin adulterant, has spread rapidly in some countries, especially in Asia and Europe. Its use, as adulterant, is believed to produce more profound desirable effects, while decreasing hangover. Recent surveys demonstrated that piracetam protects neurons from heroin-induced apoptosis. The protective role of this adulterating substance may be related to restoration of beta-endorphin levels and to its neuroprotective effects. The aim of this paper is to review the relevant literature and suggest the main hypothetical mechanisms that justify its use as a heroin adulterant, try to understand if its use could help people who want to come off heroin by reducing withdrawal symptoms and, finally, give useful information that permit us to understand why drug trafficking organisations started to use piracetam as heroin adulterant

Speaking Stata: Graphing agreement and disagreement

Many statistical problems involve comparison and, in particular, the assessment of agreement or disagreement between data measured on identical scales. Some commonly used plots are often ineffective in assessing the fine structure of such data, especially scatterplots of highly correlated variables and plots of values measured "before" and "after" using tilted line segments. Valuable alternatives are available using horizontal reference patterns, changes plotted as parallel lines, and parallel coordinates plots. The quantities of interest (usually differences on some scale) should be shown as directly as possible, and the responses of given individuals should be identified as easily as possible. Copyright 2004 by StataCorp LP.graphics, comparison, agreement, paired data, panel data, scatterplot, difference-mean plot, Bland-Altman plot, parallel lines plot, parallel coordinates plot, pairplot, parplot, linkplot, Tukey

Role of acetaldehyde in alcohol addiction : current evidence and future perspectives

The effects of alcohol have been widely studied during the past century, corroborating the idea that this tiny chemical compound acts throughout most of our neurotransmitter systems since it is capable of inducing addictive behaviour. Two of the most serious problems of alcohol addiction are craving and relapse; several studies have demonstrated that relapse is related to the anxious state which occurs during withdrawal, and it has been proved that this behavioural modifications results from an alteration of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. An important role in the neurobiology of alcohol addiction is played by acetaldehyde (ACD), ethanol first metabolite. Our recent studies indeed, have demonstrated that ACD itself is able to induce CRH release from hypothalamic explants, underlying the central role played by ACD in alcohol-induced modifications of the HPA axis. Moreover, for the first time, this group has shown that ACD is able to induce and maintain an operant drinking behaviour after repeated abstinence periods, and in the presence of a conflict situation in rats, mimicking the same characteristics as alcohol. ACD is produced either peripherally or within the brain by alcohol dehydrogenase and catalase, respectively. Studies assert that the highest concentrations of catalase in the brain are mainly located in aminergic neurons suggesting that ACD could take part in alcohol action in those circuitries. Further investigations are then necessary to fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the neurochemical and behavioural modifications induced by ACD, as a mediator of alcohol activity in the brain.peer-reviewe

Naloxone inhibits and morphine potentiates. The adrenal steroidogenic response to ACTH

The adrenal actions were stereospecific since neither the positve stereoisomer of morphine, nor that of naloxone, had any effect on the adrenal response to exogenous adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). The administration of human beta endorphin to phyophysectomized rats had no effect on the adrenal corticosterone concentration nor did it alter the response of the adrenal gland to ACTH. These results indicate that morphine can potentiate the action of ACTH on the adrenal by a direct, stereospecific, dose dependent mechanism that is prevented by naloxone pretreatment and which may involve competition for ACTH receptors on the corticosterone secreting cells of the adrenal cortex

Cholinergic regulation of mood: from basic and clinical studies to emerging therapeutics.

Mood disorders are highly prevalent and are the leading cause of disability worldwide. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying depression remain poorly understood, although theories regarding dysfunction within various neurotransmitter systems have been postulated. Over 50 years ago, clinical studies suggested that increases in central acetylcholine could lead to depressed mood. Evidence has continued to accumulate suggesting that the cholinergic system has a important role in mood regulation. In particular, the finding that the antimuscarinic agent, scopolamine, exerts fast-onset and sustained antidepressant effects in depressed humans has led to a renewal of interest in the cholinergic system as an important player in the neurochemistry of major depression and bipolar disorder. Here, we synthesize current knowledge regarding the modulation of mood by the central cholinergic system, drawing upon studies from human postmortem brain, neuroimaging, and drug challenge investigations, as well as animal model studies. First, we describe an illustrative series of early discoveries which suggest a role for acetylcholine in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Then, we discuss more recent studies conducted in humans and/or animals which have identified roles for both acetylcholinergic muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in different mood states, and as targets for novel therapies

The emotional and hormonal pathways of labour and birth: integrating mind, body and behaviour

Background: Women have described normal labour and birth in terms of their emotions. Major advances in knowledge have occurred within the sciences resulting in an understanding of emotions as prime directors of human behaviour which is orchestrated by neurohormones. Method: This paper focusses on key aspects of contemporary knowledge of childbirth physiology, neuroscience and behaviour. It integrates this understanding with womens descriptions of their emotions during labour. Findings: Neurohormones associated with labour and birth are designed to trigger a transformation in the body and behaviour and create an environment which supports both the mother and the baby. Hormones and emotions are intertwined and interconnected. Labour hormones are linked to the womans emotions and behaviour during labour and birth as well as the physical signs of labour. An interactive model is presented which explains labour in terms of both the physical effects and the emotional affects that women have described as part of their labour experience. The hypothesis for this model is that the hormones that initiate and sustain labour also cause the instinctual emotions that women feel, and the behaviour they exhibit, during spontaneous labour and birth