Evaluation of factors affecting the performance of biological phosphorus removal in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant

Parameters bearing on the performance of a full-scale 88-MGD enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) system were examined. Samples were collected for a 10-month period in a basin and in a secondary clarifier of the plant. Samples were analyzed for nitrate, total and ortho-phosphorus, COD, acetic acid, polyhydroxybutyrate, glycogen, calcium, magnesium, potassium, ammonia, alkalinity, TSS, ORP, pH, and DO. Profiles of the aerobic and anaerobic zones, and secondary clarifier showed that the plant is operating as an actual EBPR system, with sporadic phosphorus excursions. Low BOD input to the system, high phosphorus from return streams of the sludge handling process, high nitrates in the RAS, and strong denitrification in the secondary clarifiers were identified as potential causes for the occasional excursions. A correlation was found between TSS and nitrate concentrations in the RAS, indicating that the former may serve as a good parameter for controlling denitrification in secondary clarifiers

Dinamic of pathogenic protozoa and cyanobacteria in a reservoir used for water supply in southeastern Brazil

O presente estudo foi baseado no monitoramento de um reservatório tropical (Vargem das Flores) utilizado para o abastecimento público de água de sete cidades da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. O reservatório foi monitorado durante quatro anos: período inicial (de 2004 a 2007) para células de cianobactérias e parâmetros físico-químicos e, subsequentemente (2007 e 2008), para oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. e cistos de Giardia spp. em quatro estações de amostragem. Também foram avaliadas as concentrações de Escherichia coli de 2007 a 2008, o que permitiu a caracterização de cada ponto de amostragem de acordo com a legislação do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) nº 274/2000. Os resultados indicaram concentrações de (oo)cistos de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. variando de 0 a 0,8 (oo)cistos.L-1, e as mais elevadas concentrações de células de cianobactérias, de 0,0 a 4,5 x 105 cels.mL-1, apontando assim para potencial risco à saúde humana caso a água do reservatório seja consumida sem tramento. As cianobactérias não foram encontradas durante a estação seca. O grupo retornou rapidamente após a desestratificação. A estação chuvosa foi caracterizada pela elevada ocorrência de cianobactérias com a predominância da espécie picoplanctônica (Aphanocapsa sp.), sobre Microcystis spp. previamente detectada, e apresentou as maiores variações de oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez, fósforo total, ortofosfato, amônia, nitrito e nitrato. A mudança observada no grupo das cianobactérias (Aphanocapsa spp. sobre Microcystis spp.) pode ser um indicativo das alterações das características da água. De acordo com as concentrações de E. coli , as estações foram classificadas como próprias para recreação de contato primário, de acordo com a Resolução CONAMA nº 274/2000.The current study monitored the water quality of a tropical reservoir (Vargem das Flores) used to supply potable water to seven cities in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, southeast Brazil. The reservoir was monitored for four years: initially (from 2004 to 2007) for cyanobacterial cells and physicochemical parameters and, subsequently (in 2007 and 2008), for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts in four sampling stations. The concentrations of Escherichia coli were also measured in 2007 and 2008, wich allowed the characterization of each sampling point according to the National Environment Council (CONAMA) no. 274/2000. Results indicated concentrations of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. (oo)cysts ranging from 0 to 0.8 (oo)cysts.L-1, and higher concentrations of cyanobacteria cells, from 0.0 to 4.5 x 105 cells.mL-1, thus indicating potential risks to human health, if the water from the reservoir is not properly treated before consumption. The group of cyanobacteria was not found during the dry season, returning soon after destratification. The rainy season was characterized by a higher ocurrence of cyanobacteria and predominance of picoplanktonic species (Aphanocapsa spp.), over the Microcystis spp. previously found and presented the highest variations in dissolved oxygen, turbidity, total phosphorous, orthophosphate, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate. The change observed within the group of cyanobacteria (Aphanocapsa spp. over Microcystis spp.) may be indicative of changing characteristics in the water source. All the sampling points were classified as adequate for primary contact recreation, given the E. coli concentrations, according to the CONAMA Resolution no. 274/2000

Avaliação do descarte de excesso de lodo secundário de FBP sobre o desempenho de reatores UASB em escala plena: estudo de caso da ETE Laboreaux Itabira-MG

O presente trabalho apresenta o estudo do efeito do descarte de excesso de lodo secundário para adensamento e digestão em 4 reatores UASB da estação de tratamento de esgoto (ETE) Laboreaux de Itabira, Minas Gerais. Para tanto, avaliou-se o efeito do descarte de excesso de lodo, em função da remoção de DQO, SST e SSed, por meio da operação dos reatores em 4 fases, sendo a fase inical com TDH médio de 18 h e as demais com TDH médio de 9 h. Durante o estudo, 636 dias, os reatores receberam lodo do descarte de excesso em ciclos horários de 30 min, 24 h por dia. Os resultados encontrados apontaram eficiências de remoção de DQO de 75%, SST de 85% e SSed de 95%. De modo geral, o descarte de excesso de lodo mostrou ser uma técnica vantajosa e aplicável às estações anaeróbias com unidades de pós-tratamento aeróbias (UASB+FBP), sendo os problemas operacionais até então apontados ocasionados pelo gerenciamento ineficiente de lodo nos UASB

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production from biogas in waste treatment facilities: Assessing the potential impacts on economy, environment and society

Producción CientíficaUsing the biogas generated from organic waste anaerobic treatment to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) has emerged as an attractive alternative to heat and power generation (CHP) in waste treatment plants. The sustainability of biogas combustion for CHP, biogas bioconversion into PHA and a combination of both scenarios was compared in terms of environmental impact, process economics and social responsibility according to the IChemE Sustainability Metrics. Although PHA production presented higher investment and operational costs, a comparable economic performance was observed in all biogas valorization scenarios regarding net present value (0.77 M€) and internal rate of return (6.4 ± 0.2%) due to the higher market value of biopolymers. The PHA production entailed a significant reduction of atmospheric acidification and odor emissions compared to CHP despite showing higher land, water, chemicals and energy requirements. Job creation associated to biopolymer industry and the increasing public demand for bioproducts were identified as fundamental aspects for enhancing social and local acceptance of waste processing facilities. This study demonstrated that PHA production from biogas constitutes nowadays a realistic alternative to CHP in waste treatment plants and that PHA can be produced at a competitive market price when biogas is used for internal energy provision (4.2 €·kg−1 PHA).Bio Based Industries Joint Undertaking (grant 745785)Junta de Castilla y León - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (grants CLU 2017–09, UIC 71 and VA281P18)Junta de Castilla y León (grant C18IPJCL)European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 74578

Nature-based solutions for wastewater treatment and bioenergy recovery: a comparative Life Cycle Assessment

The aim of this study was to assess the environmental impacts of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors coupled with high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) for wastewater treatment and bioenergy recovery using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. This solution was compared with the UASB reactor coupled with other consolidated technologies in rural areas of Brazil, such as trickling filters, polishing ponds and constructed wetlands. To this end, full-scale systems were designed based on experimental data obtained from pilot/demonstrative scale systems. The functional unit was 1 m3 of water. System boundaries comprised input and output flows of material and energy resources for system construction and operation. The LCA was performed with the software SimaPro®, using the ReCiPe midpoint method. The results showed that the HRAPs scenario was the most environmentally friendly alternative in 4 out of 8 impact categories (i.e. Global warming, Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, Terrestrial Ecotoxicity and Fossil resource scarcity). This was associated with the increase in biogas production by the co-digestion of microalgae and raw wastewater, leading to higher electricity and heat recovery. From an economic point of view, despite the HRAPs showed a higher capital cost, the operation and maintenance costs were completely offset by the revenue obtained from the electricity generated. Overall, the UASB reactor coupled with HRAPS showed to be a feasible nature-based solution to be used in small communities in Brazil, especially when microalgae biomass is valorised and used to increase biogas productivity.The research was funded by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development from Brazilian Ministry of Education – CNPq, the Reference Centre of Sustainable Sewage Treatment Plants - CR ETES, the Institute of Sustainable Sewage Treatment Plants - INCT ETEs, the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel – CAPES, the Foundation for Research of the State of Minas Gerais – FAPEMIG, and the CNPQ and to National Health Foundation – FUNASA from Brasil. Lucas Vassalle is grateful to the CNPQ (scholarship 204026/2018-0). Ivet Ferrer and Marianna Garfí are grateful to the Government of Catalonia (Consolidated Research Group 2017 SGR 1029), and Marianna Garfí to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (RYC-2016 20059).Peer ReviewedObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No ContaminantObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::6 - Aigua Neta i SanejamentPostprint (author's final draft

Behavior of micropollutants in polishing units that combine sorption and biodegradation mechanisms to improve the quality of activated sludge effluent.

The current study evaluated the removal of six micropollutants (estrone (E1); 17?-estradiol (E2); 17?-ethynylestradiol (EE2); ibuprofen (IBP), diclofenac (DCF), and paracetamol (PCT)) from the final effluent of an activated sludge domestic sewage treatment plant using polishing filters. Four polishing filters were assembled as columns and filled with a mixture of sand and vermiculite, sand and charcoal, sand and granulated activated carbon (9:1 by volume), and sand only. The column filters were placed near the outlet of a full-scale activated sludge treatment plant and were fed with a treated effluent containing from 4.71 to 28.93 ng L-1 of the target compounds at a hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 50 m3 m?2 day?1. Samples were collected periodically from the influent (biologically treated sewage) and effluent of the four columns and analyzed for estrogens, anti-inflammatories, and analgesic compounds. Liquid samples were submitted to a solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry after their derivatization. Among the compounds found, diclofenac was distinguished by the high occurrence of detection in the samples (85%) and higher mean concentration (~?17 ng L?1). High removal efficiency (>?90%) of the estrogens was observed in the polishing systems studied, while for the other targets, the removal efficiency varied from 10 to 30%. The concentration values of some compounds were low, probably due to rainfall during the sampling period

Performance of traditional household drinking water treatment methods used in rural Amazon

Residents of remote areas in the Amazon often lack access to a water supply system and thus need to produce their potable water at home. This study examined the efficacy of household water treatments traditionally used by these communities to treat rainwater and river water, their predominant water sources. Samples of untreated, treated, and stored drinking water were collected from 18 households in three communities in Central Amazon, Amazonas State, Brazil. We describe the materials and practices involved and traditionally used in each treatment technique – cloth filtration (water straining), chlorination, and sedimentation, and their efficiency. In the samples we evaluate water quality analyses, as free chlorine, color, coliforms, and turbidity. The treatment steps for the separation of solids in river water were effective only for removing turbidity and apparent color. Straining river water after sedimentation had no relevant effect on water quality. Chlorination of rainwater was efficient in inactivating Escherichia coli; however, all samples showed some level of contamination by E. coli. We found a significant difference (p < 0.05) between untreated and treated river water turbidity, reduced by up to 22%. Untreated rain and river waters showed similar levels of microbiological contamination, close to 3.5 log CFU/100 mL of E. coli. Chlorine effectively removed microbiological contaminants in rainwater (median removal of 100, 44.5% of samples with <1 CFU/100 mL). Yet, this treatment was less effective for river water (94% median removal, with 11% of samples with <100 CFU/100 mL and only 5.5% with <1 CFU/100 mL found in treated water), showing a significant reduction in both cases when the Wilcoxon test was applied. Sodium hypochlorite treatment showed the best results among the techniques evaluated in this study. It can be used in remote areas where rainwater is available for consumption. Microorganism concentration increased after water underwent water straining and sedimentation processes. These results suggest that the improper handling of water containers and materials used during treatment processes leads to contamination of water. Thus, more robust outreach and educational efforts are recommended to improve remote communities’ water collection, treatment, and storage practices