Boolean Conservative Extension Results for some Modal Relevant Logics

This paper shows that a collection of modal relevant logics are conservatively extended by the addition of Boolean negation

Contribution to the study of Normandina pulchella: a cytological approach

A cytological study was undertaken on Normandina pulchella (Borr.) Nyl. in order to contribute to a better knowledge of the structure of the lichen and to acquire useful information on its taxonomic arrangement. Micro- and submicroscopic observations revealed that the tallus is heteromerous, with a medullary "tissue" composed of a network of hyaline fungal threads surrounding small clumps of algal cells. These were thick-walled and exhibited a single lobate chloroplast in which a conspicuous rnetameric pyrenoid, small starch granules and lipophilic plastoglobuli were frequently present. The mycobiont had hyphae with simple perforated septa with associated Woronin bodies. The relationship between the two partners was merely of very close proximity of their cell walls and involved no fungal penetration into algal cells. The presence of Woronin bodies, exclusive of the Ascomycetes and of plastoglobuli, that were described only in the Chlorococcales phycobionts in ascolichens, indicates that in all likelyhood Normandina is a member of the ascolichens and not of basidiolichens, as previously reported by some workers.Contribución al estudio de Normandina pulchella: aproximación citológica. Para contribuir a un mejor conocimiento de la estructura de Normandina pulchella (Borr.) Nyl. y para obtener informaciones útiles para su correcta colocación taxonómica, se ha emprendido un estudio citológico sobre el liquen. Observaciones al microscopio Óptico y electrónico han revelado que el tallo del liquen es heterómero, con un tejido medular compuesto por un entrelazamiento de hifas hialinas de hongos, que rodean pequeños grupos de células algales. Éstas presentaban una pared gruesa y un cloroplast lobulado simple, en el cua1 frecuentemente estaban presentes un voluminoso pirenoide metamérico, pequeños granos de almidón y plastoglóbulos lipófilos. El micobionte tenía hifas con septos simples y corpúsculos de Woronin asociados. La relación entre los dos componentes consistia en una simple y densa aproximación de sus paredes, sin una penetración del hongo en las células algales. La presencia de los corpúsculos de Woronin, exclusivos de 10s Ascomicetes y de 10s plastoglóbulos, que han sido descritos solo en los clorococales ficobiontes de 10s ascolíquenes indica que, con toda probabilidad, Normandina es un miembro de los ascolíquenes y no de los basidiolíquenes, como había sido previamente afirmado por algunos autores

Second order equation of motion for electromagnetic radiation back-reaction

We take the viewpoint that the physically acceptable solutions of the Lorentz--Dirac equation for radiation back-reaction are actually determined by a second order equation of motion, the self-force being given as a function of spacetime location and velocity. We propose three different methods to obtain this self-force function. For two example systems, we determine the second order equation of motion exactly in the nonrelativistic regime via each of these three methods, the three methods leading to the same result. We reveal that, for both systems considered, back-reaction induces a damping proportional to velocity and, in addition, it decreases the effect of the external force.Comment: 13 page

Experimental determination of the absorption strength in absorbing chaotic cavities

Due to the experimental necessity we present a formula to determine the absorption strength by power losses inside a chaotic system (cavities, graphs, acoustic resonators, etc) when the antenna coupling, always present in experimental measurements, is taken into account. This is done by calculating the average of the absorption coefficient as a function of the absorption strength and the coupling of the antenna to the system, in the one channel case.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, Submitted to Phys. Rev.

The photodynamic effect of 5-(4-hydroxy-1-butinyl)-2,2’-bithienyl on dermatophytes

The thiophene 5-(4-hydroxy-1-butinyl)2,2[prime prime or minute]-bithienyl (BBTOH) strongly inhibited in vitro eight different dermatophytes. Epidermophyton floccosum proved most sensitive to all doses of BBTOH when applied in conjunction with uv-A irradiation. BBTOH also proved quite active against Nannizia cajetani, the only dermatophyte which was also strongly inhibited when treated (50 [mu]g ml[minus sign]1) and kept in the dark. For this reason, N. cajetani was chosen as the test organism for TEM and SEM aimed at determining what treatment-induced ultrastructural and morphological modifications had occurred. TEM revealed that the photoactive mechanism of BBTOH was similar to that of 2,2[prime prime or minute][ratio]5[prime prime or minute],2[double prime or second]-terthienyl ([alpha]-T). SEM, on the other hand, showed that early culture aging resulted from treatment

How Much Privacy Do We Have Today? A Study of the Life of Marc Mezvinsky

In this paper, we present a case study evaluating the level of information available about an individual through public, Internet-accessible sources. Privacy is a basic tenet of democratic society, but technological advances have made access to information and the identification of individuals much easier through Internet-accessible databases and information stores. To determine the potential level of privacy available to an individual in today’s interconnected world, we sought to develop a detailed history of Marc Mezvinsky, a semi-public figure, husband of Chelsea Clinton, and son of two former members of the United States House of Representatives. By utilizing only publicly and freely available data sources accessible over the Internet, we developed a brief biography of Mr. Mezvinsky. We identified his residences throughout his life, his relatives, his businesses and business partners, and other personal aspects of his and his family\u27s lives. We found all of this information even though Mr. Mezvinsky appears to actively avoid the use of online social networks and has clearly sought to minimize his online presence. A great deal of information is available, from photographs to property values to personal phone numbers, about individuals and their family members even if they try to retain some level of privacy. Today’s interconnected society is all social networks, tagged photos, and GPS locations. Constantly connected is only part of the paradigm that is today\u27s society. As a whole, we are potentially losing the meaning of privacy, as well as what is ethically acceptable. As a society, we must determine the level of privacy, or its converse, the level of publicly available information, that is acceptable

Antifungal activity of essential oil from fruits of Indian Cuminum cyminum

The essential oil of fruits of Cuminum cyminum L. (Apiaceae), from India, was analyzed by GC and GC-MS, and its antifungal activity was tested on dermatophytes and phytopathogens, fungi, yeasts and some new Aspergilli. The most abundant components were cumin aldehyde, pinenes, and p-cymene, and a fraction of oxygenate compounds such as alcohol and epoxides. Because of the large amount of the highly volatilecomponents in the cumin extract, we used a modified recent technique to evaluate the antifungal activity only of the volatile parts at doses from 5 to 20 μL of pure essential oil. Antifungal testing showed that Cuminum cyminum is active in general on all fungi but in particular on the dermatophytes, where Trichophyton rubrum was the most inhibited fungus also at the lowest dose of 5 μL. Less sensitive to treatmentwere the phytopathogens

Poynting's theorem for planes waves at an interface: a scattering matrix approach

We apply the Poynting theorem to the scattering of monochromatic electromagnetic planes waves with normal incidence to the interface of two different media. We write this energy conservation theorem to introduce a natural definition of the scattering matrix S. For the dielectric-dielectric interface the balance equation lead us to the energy flux conservation which express one of the properties of S: it is a unitary matrix. For the dielectric-conductor interface the scattering matrix is no longer unitary due to the presence of losses at the conductor. However, the dissipative term appearing in the Poynting theorem can be interpreted as a single absorbing mode at the conductor such that a whole S, satisfying flux conservation and containing this absorbing mode, can be defined. This is a simplest version of a model introduced in the current literature to describe losses in more complex systems.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Am. J. Phy