Real-Time Anomaly Detection in Full Motion Video

Improvement in sensor technology such as charge-coupled devices (CCD) as well as constant incremental improvements in storage space has enabled the recording and storage of video more prevalent and lower cost than ever before. However, the improvements in the ability to capture and store a wide array of video have required additional manpower to translate these raw data sources into useful information. We propose an algorithm for automatically detecting anomalous movement patterns within full motion video thus reducing the amount of human intervention required to make use of these new data sources. The proposed algorithm tracks all of the objects within a video sequence and attempts to cluster each object\u27s trajectory into a database of existing trajectories. Objects are tracked by first differentiating them from a Gaussian background model and then tracked over subsequent frames based on a combination of size and color. Once an object is tracked over several frames, its trajectory is calculated and compared with other trajectories earlier in the video sequence. Anomalous trajectories are differentiated by their failure to cluster with other well-known movement patterns. Adding the proposed algorithm to an existing surveillance system could increase the likelihood of identifying an anomaly and allow for more efficient collection of intelligence data. Additionally, by operating in real-time, our algorithm allows for the reallocation of sensing equipment to those areas most likely to contain movement that is valuable for situational awareness

Refined orbital architecture for targets of naval interest

The objective of this research is to address the feasibility of designing prograde orbits for commercial electro-optical satellites. This study explores prograde orbits (inclined less than 90°) populated by small, inexpensive but proven commercial satellites, like SkySat-1 of SkyBox Imaging Inc. The benefits of using prograde orbits are increased coverage duration and decreased revisit, or gap, times for point targets at most latitudes. Disadvantages include a reduction of high-latitude target coverage (sometimes completely), a more elaborate ground architecture, and the increased expense of populating a constellation of these satellites—to mitigate the laws of orbital mechanics—in order to achieve the desired benefits of prograde inclinations. This thesis considers orbital plane inclinations of 30°, 45°, and 60°; designs a few 24-satellite prograde constellations; and compares the performance of these newly formed constellations to the traditional sun synchronous orbit. As anticipated by the orbital mechanics, the results show that annual coverage can increase up to 6.5 times, average access increases up to 6.94 per day, and revisit time can be reduced to as low as 2.0 hours. In addition, the approximate annual life-cycle cost will likely fall beneath $0.5 billion.http://archive.org/details/refinedorbitalrc1094545209Lieutenant, United States NavyApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Regioselective deacetylation of fully acetylated mono- and di-saccharides with hydrazine hydrate

Selective deacetylation reactions of the peracetylated reducing disaccharides (1), (5), (9), (15), \u3b2-D- glucopyranose (17) and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-\u3b2-D-glucopyranose (19), with 1.2 equiv. Of hydrazine hydrate in acetonitrile, gave predominantly the corresponding heptaacetates (2), (6), (10), (16), the tetraacetate (18) and the triacetate (20), with the free hydroxy group at C1. Reaction of (1) with 1.2 equiv. of hydrazine hydrate in N,N- dimethylformamide also afforded the heptaacetate (2), but in lower yield. When reactions of (1), (5) and (9) were performed with 2.5 equiv. of hydrazine hydrate, deacetylation also occurred at other positions to afford the corresponding hexaacetates (3), (7), (11) and (12), with hydroxy groups at C 1,2 or C 1,3, and the pentaacetates (4), (8) and (13), with hydroxy groups at C 1,2,3. Maltose octaacetate (9), in addition, yielded the tetraacetate (14) in which the free hydroxy groups were located at C1,2,2',3. Compound (15) on treatment with 2.5 equiv. of hydrazine hydrate afforded an intractable mixture. The reaction of methyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-\u3b1-D-glucopyranoside (21) with 2.5 equiv. of hydrazine hydrate gave the 3,4,6-triacetate (22), a mixture of the 2,6- and the 3,6-diacetates (23) and (24), respectively, the 4,6-diacetate (25), and the 6-acetate (26)