Economic Growth and Social Reproduction: Gender Equality as Cause and Consequence

This paper examines how growth, social reproduction and gender equality are connected in ways that make care work a key determinant of macroeconomic policy outcomes, growth and development. The paper begins by developing a conceptual framework for thinking about economic growth in ways that can explicitly accommodate processes of social reproduction and the dynamics of gender inequality. It develops a set of regimes that link structures of economic growth with those of social reproduction.The second part of the paper then groups countries by economic structure, level of development and structure of social welfare provising to determine where they fall among the regimes of growth and social reproduction. The emphasis is on understanding how increasing gender equality in the labour market will affect larger processes of growth and what kinds of limits the structure of social reproduction places on the potential for development and growth. The paper concludes by underlining that social reproduction is essential for growth, and the social and economic circumstances under which it takes place determine the precise nature of this relationship as well as chart promising pathways for change. This paper was produced for UN Women's flagship report Progress of the World's Women 2015-2016 to be released as part of the UN Women discussion paper series

On graphs whose Laplacian matrix's multipartite separability is invariant under graph isomorphism

Normalized Laplacian matrices of graphs have recently been studied in the context of quantum mechanics as density matrices of quantum systems. Of particular interest is the relationship between quantum physical properties of the density matrix and the graph theoretical properties of the underlying graph. One important aspect of density matrices is their entanglement properties, which are responsible for many nonintuitive physical phenomena. The entanglement property of normalized Laplacian matrices is in general not invariant under graph isomorphism. In recent papers, graphs were identified whose entanglement and separability properties are invariant under isomorphism. The purpose of this note is to characterize the set of graphs whose separability is invariant under graph isomorphism. In particular, we show that this set consists of $K_{2,2}$, $\overline{K_{2,2}}$ and all complete graphs.Comment: 5 page

Engendering Foreign Direct Investment: Family Structure, Labor Markets, and International Capital Mobility

In this paper I develop a theoretical foundation for analyzing how gender roles in the household affect foreign direct investment in a developing country context. It is argued that the extent to which women and men share the costs of social reproduction at the household level is a central determinant of women’s labor supply and the profitability of investment. I combine a model of family structure with a structuralist macromodel to investigate the effects of various public policies on women’s wages and employment. A major goal is to specify the constraints imposed by international capital mobility on the prospects for increased equality and living standards for women. Published in World Development, July 2000, 28(7): 1157-72.

Declining Corporate Income Taxes in the 1990s: A State-by-State Analysis of Effective Tax Rates

Between 1995 and 2000, inflation-adjusted federal corporate income taxes grew an average of 2.0 percent a year; the annual average for state and local corporate tax revenue actually declined by 0.12 percent during the same period. A number of statelevel studies have documented this decline by showing that corporations are paying a declining share of state taxes. But such results are inconclusive because they do not control for changes in corporate profitability. In this paper we use data from the National Income and Product Accounts to create a time series of corporate profits by state, enabling us to investigate corporate income taxes while controlling for corporate profits. Our findings are striking: out of the 42 states studied, 41 show a statistically significant decline in their effective corporate income tax rates between 1991 and 2001. The average decline for all states is 4.6 percent per year, which means that effective corporate income tax rates fell by a little over one-third over the decade of the 1990s and into 2001. After accounting for the impact of the growth in income of S corporations, this means that states lost about $11 billion on corporate income tax revenue in fiscal 2002 due to the decline in effective corporate income tax rates.

Vibrational branching ratios and shape resonant photoionization dynamics in N_2O

Vibrational branching ratios and photoelectron asymmetry parameters for alternative vibrational modes in the photoionization of N_2O(7σ^(−1)) have been studied using accurate photoelectron continuum orbitals. Earlier dispersed ionic fluorescence measurements [E. D. Poliakoff, M. H. Ho, M. G. White, and G. E. Leroi, Chem. Phys. Lett. 130, 91 (1986)] revealed strong non‐Franck–Condon vibrational ion distributions for both the symmetric and antisymmetric stretching modes at low photoelectron energies. Our results establish that these features arise from a σ shape resonance which, based on its dependence on internuclear geometry, must be associated with the molecular framework as a whole and not with either of its fragments, N–N or N–O. This behavior accounts for the more pronounced deviations of the vibrational branching ratios from Franck–Condon values observed in the symmetric than in the antisymmetric mode. The σ continuum also supports a second shape resonance at higher energy which does not influence the vibrational branching ratios but is quite evident in the photoelectron asymmetry parameters around a photon energy of 40 eV. These vibrationally resolved studies of the photoelectron spectra of this polyatomic system provide an interesting example of the rich shape resonant behavior that can be expected to arise in polyatomic molecules with their alternative vibrational modes

Shape resonance behavior in 1π_g photoionization of O_2

We report calculations of vibrationally resolved cross sections and photoelectron angular distributions for photoionization of O_2 leading to the X^ 2 Π_g (ν^+ =0–4) states of O^+_2 using Hartree–Fock continuum photoelectron orbitals. These studies were motivated by recent results which show that a σ_u shape resonance plays a dominant role in producing non‐Franck–Condon vibrational distributions in resonant multiphoton ionization of O_2 via the C ^3Π_g (1π_g3sσ_g) Rydberg state. In the present study, we investigate how this shape resonance influences photoionization dynamics in single‐photon ionization. Below 21 eV photon energy, we find significant non‐Franck–Condon effects in the vibrational branching ratios as well as in the vibrationally resolved photoelectron angular distributions. Substantial autoionization hinders a direct comparison between theory and experiment