Normative data on teachers’ voice use in real-life situations

Background As part of their working routine, teachers use their voice for extended periods of time. To compensate for adverse acoustic conditions and background noise, they are also required to speak at high intensities. Since teaching is acknowledged to be vocally demanding, several studies have investigated teachers’ vocal load, that is, the stress inflicted on the larynx during vocalization, which is thought to be influenced by duration, intensity and frequency of phonation. A promising method for analyzing teachers’ phonatory behavior in real-life situations is the use of a portable voice dosimeter that objectively documents vocal parameters. Depending on several factors, those parameters may vary within the teaching profession (Masuda et al., 1993; Morrow and Connor, 2011; Remacle, Morsomme, and Finck, 2014). With the aim of quantifying their vocal parameters and identifying the most at-risk teaching conditions, we have established a large database of French-speaking teachers. Based on this database, this study analyzed vocal loading differences with regard to gender, teaching level, and environment (professional versus extra-professional). Methods Seventy-six French-speaking teachers (15 males and 61 females) were monitored during one workweek using the Ambulatory Phonation Monitor voice dosimeter (KayPENTAX). The subjects included 21 kindergarten, 20 primary and 35 secondary school teachers. All male subjects were in the latter group. The vocal parameters analyzed were phonation time, intensity and fundamental frequency (F0). Results The statistical analysis revealed that, irrespective of gender, phonation time, F0 and intensity level were significantly higher in the professional environment than the extra-professional environment (p<.01). Among female subjects, the F0 of kindergarten teachers was significantly higher than that of primary school teachers, which in turn was higher than that of secondary school teachers (p<.01). The phonation time and intensity were also higher in female kindergarten teachers than other female teachers, but this difference did not reach significance. As expected, regarding gender differences, we found that female secondary school teachers spoke with significantly higher F0 than their male colleagues (p<.001). In the extra-professional setting, they also spoke with a significantly higher intensity (p<.05), but no such effect was found in the professional environment. Conclusion Overall, our subjects showed an increase in vocal loading parameters when they were at work compared to their free time. This confirms the results of earlier studies and demonstrates that teaching is an occupation with remarkably high vocal demands. The analysis of mean frequency showed that lower school levels were associated with higher-pitched voice. It can be assumed that kindergarten teachers adapt to the higher F0 of their young pupils and that their effort to maintain the pupils’ attention results in greater frequency variations. References Masuda, T., Ikeda, Y., Manako, H., & Komiyama, S. (1993). Analysis of vocal abuse: Fluctuations in phonation time and intensity in 4 groups of speakers. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 113(3), 547–552. Morrow, S. L., & Connor, N. P. (2011). Comparison of voice-use profiles between elementary classroom and music teachers. Journal of Voice, 25(3), 367–372. Remacle, A., Morsomme, D., & Finck, C. (2014). Comparison of vocal loading parameters in kindergarten and elementary school teachers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57(2), 406–415

Le système d’information sur les sols de France : capitaliser, analyser, diffuser, aller vers l’open data

International audienceThe Scientific Interest Group on soil (GIS Sol) was created in 2001 with the mission of designing and coordinating the inventory and monitoring of soils in France. This mission requires capitalizing existing or newly produced data in databases, analyzing them, producing new knowledge and bringing data and knowledge to the attention of users. This article briefly describes the databases and their associated tools for the main data acquisition programmes of the GIS Sol. Then the work of analyzing these data to produce statistics and predictions on soil properties is presented. Finally, the tools and developments for consultation and dissemination of soil data are described. This panorama of tools currently available or under development shows the importance of the efforts made by GIS Sol since 2001.El Grupo de Interés Científico del Suelo (GIS Sol) fue creado en 2001 con la misión de diseñar y coordinar el inventario y seguimiento de suelos en Francia. Esta misión requiere capitalizar datos existentes o recién producidos en bases de datos, analizarlos para producir nuevos conocimientos y devolver datos y conocimientos a los usuarios. Este artículo describebrevemente las bases de datos y sus herramientas asociadas para los principales programas de adquisición de datos del GIS Sol, luego el trabajo de análisis de estos datos para producir estadísticas y predicciones sobre las propiedades del suelo y finalmente las herramientas y desarrollos para la consulta y difusión de datos del suelo. Este panorama de herramientasactualmente disponibles o en desarrollo muestra la importancia del esfuerzo realizado por GIS Sol desde 2001.Le Groupement d’intérêt scientifique sur les sols (GIS Sol) a été créé en 2001 avec la mission de concevoir et de coordonner l’inventaire et la surveillance des sols en France. Cette mission nécessite de capitaliser les données existantes ou nouvellement produites dans des bases de données, de les analyser, de produire de nouvelles connaissances et de restituer données et connaissances aux utilisateurs. Cet article décrit succinctement les bases de données et les outils associés aux grands programmes d’acquisition de données du GIS Sol, puis les travaux d’analyse de ces données pour produire des métriques et des prédictions sur les propriétés du sol dans l’espace et le temps, et enfin les outils et développements pour la consultation et la diffusion des données sur les sols. Ce panorama des outils actuellement disponibles ou en cours de développement montre l’importance des efforts réalisés sur ce plan par le GIS Sol depuis 2001

Can Biomarkers Correctly Predict Ventilator-associated Pneumonia in Patients Treated With Targeted Temperature Management After Cardiac Arrest? An Exploratory Study of the Multicenter Randomized Antibiotic (ANTHARTIC) Study

IMPORTANCE:. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) frequently occurs in patients with cardiac arrest. Diagnosis of VAP after cardiac arrest remains challenging, while the use of current biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) or procalcitonin (PCT) is debated. OBJECTIVES:. To evaluate biomarkers’ impact in helping VAP diagnosis after cardiac arrest. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:. This is a prospective ancillary study of the randomized, multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled ANtibiotherapy during Therapeutic HypothermiA to pRevenT Infectious Complications (ANTHARTIC) trial evaluating the impact of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent VAP in out-of-hospital patients with cardiac arrest secondary to shockable rhythm and treated with therapeutic hypothermia. An adjudication committee blindly evaluated VAP according to predefined clinical, radiologic, and microbiological criteria. All patients with available biomarker(s), sample(s), and consent approval were included. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:. The main endpoint was to evaluate the ability of biomarkers to correctly diagnose and predict VAP within 48 hours after sampling. The secondary endpoint was to study the combination of two biomarkers in discriminating VAP. Blood samples were collected at baseline on day 3. Routine and exploratory panel of inflammatory biomarkers measurements were blindly performed. Analyses were adjusted on the randomization group. RESULTS:. Among 161 patients of the ANTHARTIC trial with available biological sample(s), patients with VAP (n = 33) had higher body mass index and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, more unwitnessed cardiac arrest, more catecholamines, and experienced more prolonged therapeutic hypothermia duration than patients without VAP (n = 121). In univariate analyses, biomarkers significantly associated with VAP and showing an area under the curve (AUC) greater than 0.70 were CRP (AUC = 0.76), interleukin (IL) 17A and 17C (IL17C) (0.74), macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (0.73), PCT (0.72), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) (0.71). Multivariate analysis combining novel biomarkers revealed several pairs with p value of less than 0.001 and odds ratio greater than 1: VEGF-A + IL12 subunit beta (IL12B), Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligands (Flt3L) + C–C chemokine 20 (CCL20), Flt3L + IL17A, Flt3L + IL6, STAM-binding protein (STAMBP) + CCL20, STAMBP + IL6, CCL20 + 4EBP1, CCL20 + caspase-8 (CASP8), IL6 + 4EBP1, and IL6 + CASP8. Best AUCs were observed for CRP + IL6 (0.79), CRP + CCL20 (0.78), CRP + IL17A, and CRP + IL17C. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:. Our exploratory study shows that specific biomarkers, especially CRP combined with IL6, could help to better diagnose or predict early VAP occurrence in cardiac arrest patients