335 research outputs found
On the optimality of misspecified spectral algorithms
In the misspecified spectral algorithms problem, researchers usually assume
the underground true function , a
less-smooth interpolation space of a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS)
for some . The existing minimax optimal results
require where is the embedding index, a constant
depending on . Whether the spectral algorithms are optimal for all
is an outstanding problem lasting for years. In this paper, we
show that spectral algorithms are minimax optimal for any
, where is the eigenvalue decay
rate of . We also give several classes of RKHSs whose embedding
index satisfies . Thus, the spectral algorithms
are minimax optimal for all on these RKHSs.Comment: 48 pages, 2 figure
Holographic Integrated Sensing and Communications: Principles, Technology, and Implementation
Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) has attracted much attention as a
promising approach to alleviate spectrum congestion. However, traditional ISAC
systems rely on phased arrays to provide high spatial diversity, where enormous
power-consuming components such as phase shifters are used, leading to the high
power consumption of the system. In this article, we introduce holographic
ISAC, a new paradigm to enable high spatial diversity with low power
consumption by using reconfigurable holographic surfaces (RHSs), which is an
innovative type of planar antenna with densely deployed metamaterial elements.
We first introduce the hardware structure and working principle of the RHS and
then propose a novel holographic beamforming scheme for ISAC. Moreover, we
build an RHS-enabled hardware prototype for ISAC and evaluate the system
performance in the built prototype. Simulation and experimental results verify
the feasibility of holographic ISAC and reveal the great potential of the RHS
for reducing power consumption. Furthermore, future research directions and key
challenges related to holographic ISAC are discussed
Kernel interpolation generalizes poorly
One of the most interesting problems in the recent renaissance of the studies
in kernel regression might be whether the kernel interpolation can generalize
well, since it may help us understand the `benign overfitting henomenon'
reported in the literature on deep networks. In this paper, under mild
conditions, we show that for any , the generalization error of
kernel interpolation is lower bounded by . In other
words, the kernel interpolation generalizes poorly for a large class of
kernels. As a direct corollary, we can show that overfitted wide neural
networks defined on sphere generalize poorly
On the Asymptotic Learning Curves of Kernel Ridge Regression under Power-law Decay
The widely observed 'benign overfitting phenomenon' in the neural network
literature raises the challenge to the 'bias-variance trade-off' doctrine in
the statistical learning theory. Since the generalization ability of the 'lazy
trained' over-parametrized neural network can be well approximated by that of
the neural tangent kernel regression, the curve of the excess risk (namely, the
learning curve) of kernel ridge regression attracts increasing attention
recently. However, most recent arguments on the learning curve are heuristic
and are based on the 'Gaussian design' assumption. In this paper, under mild
and more realistic assumptions, we rigorously provide a full characterization
of the learning curve: elaborating the effect and the interplay of the choice
of the regularization parameter, the source condition and the noise. In
particular, our results suggest that the 'benign overfitting phenomenon' exists
in very wide neural networks only when the noise level is small
Phase-error restraint with the empirical mode decomposition method in phase measurement profilometry
Machine Learning Solution to Organ-At-Risk Segmentation for Radiation Treatment Planning
In the treatment of cancer using ionizing radiation, it is important to design a treatment plan such that dose to normal, healthy organs is sufficiently low. Today, segmentation requires a trained human to carefully outline, or segment, organs on each slice of a treatment planning computed tomography (CT) scan but it is laborious, time-consuming, and contains intra- and inter-rater variability. Currently, existing clinical automation technology relies on atlas-based automation, which has limited segmentation accuracy. Thus the auto-segmentations require post process editing by an expert. In this paper, we propose a machine learning solution that shortens the segmentation time of organs-at-risk (OARs) in the thoracic cavity. The overall system will include preprocessing, model processing, and postprocessing steps to make the system easily integratable into the radiotherapy planning process. For our model, we chose to use a 3D deep convolutional neural network with a U-net based architecture because this machine learning strategy takes into account local spatial relationships, will restore the original image resolution and has been utilized in image segmentation, especially in medical image analysis. Training and testing were done with a 60 patient dataset of thoracic CT scans from the AAPM 2017 Grand Challenge. To assess and improve our system we calculated accuracy metrics (Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), mean surface distance (MSD)) and compared our model’s segmentation performance to that of an expert and the top two performing machine learning methods of the challenge. We explored using preprocessing steps such as cropping and image enhancement to improve the model segmentation accuracy. Our final model was able to segment the lungs as accurately as a dosimetrist and the heart and spinal cord within acceptable DSC ranges. All DSC values of the OARs from our method were as accurate as other machine learning methods. The DSC for the esophagus was below tolerable error for radiotherapy planning, but our mean surface distance was superior to other auto-segmentation methods. We were successful in significantly reducing manual segmentation time by developing a machine learning system. Though our approach still necessitates a single preparatory step of manually cropping anatomical regions to isolate segmentation volume, a general hospital technician could complete this task which removes the need of an expert for one time-consuming step of radiotherapy planning. Implementation of our methods to provide radiotherapy in lower-middle income countries brings us closer to accessibility of treatment for a wider population
Reconfigurable Holographic Surface: A New Paradigm to Implement Holographic Radio
Ultra-massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is one of the key
enablers in the forthcoming 6G networks to provide high-speed data services by
exploiting spatial diversity. In this article, we consider a new paradigm
termed holographic radio for ultra-massive MIMO, where numerous tiny and
inexpensive antenna elements are integrated to realize high directive gain with
low hardware cost. We propose a practical way to enable holographic radio by a
novel metasurface-based antenna, i.e., reconfigurable holographic surface
(RHS). Specifically, RHSs incorporating densely packed tunable metamaterial
elements are capable of holographic beamforming. Based on the working principle
and hardware design of RHSs, we conduct full-wave analyses of RHSs and build an
RHS-aided point-to-point communication platform supporting real-time data
transmission. Both simulated and experimental results show that the RHS has
great potential to achieve high directive gain with a limited size, thereby
substantiating the feasibility of RHS-enabled holographic radio. Moreover,
future research directions for RHS-enabled holographic radio are also
discussed.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure
Synthesis, Characterization, and Tribological Behavior of Oleic Acid Capped Graphene Oxide
Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were prepared by modified Hummers and Offeman methods. Furthermore, oleic acid (OA) capped graphene oxide (OACGO) nanosheets were prepared and characterized by means of Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). At the same time, the friction and wear properties of OA capped graphite powder (OACG), OACGO, and oleic acid capped precipitate of graphite (OACPG) as additives in poly-alpha-olefin (PAO) were compared using four-ball tester and SRV-1 reciprocating ball-on-disc friction and wear tester. By the addition of OACGO to PAO, the antiwear ability was improved and the friction coefficient was decreased. Also, the tribological mechanism of the GO was investigated
Towards Ubiquitous Positioning by Leveraging Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface
The received signal strength (RSS) based technique is widely utilized for
ubiquitous positioning due to its advantage of simple implementability.
However, its accuracy is limited because the RSS values of adjacent locations
can be very difficult to distinguish. Against this background, we propose the
novel RSS-based positioning scheme enabled by reconfigurable intelligent
surface (RIS). By modifying the reflection coefficient of the RIS, the
propagation channels are programmed in such a way that the differences between
the RSS values of adjacent locations can be enlarged to improve the positioning
accuracy. New challenge lies in the selection of suitable reflection
coefficients for high-accuracy positioning. To tackle this challenge, we
formulate the RIS-aided positioning problem and design an iterative algorithm
to solve the problem. The effectiveness of the proposed positioning scheme is
validated through simulations
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