1,592 research outputs found
The Jerusalem Basic Law (1980/2000) and the Jerusalem Embassy Act (1990/95): A comparative investigation of Israeli and US legislation on the status of Jerusalem
This essay, written from a religious studies perspective, compares two
pieces of largely
symbolic legislation, the Israeli 1980 Jerusalem Basic Law and the US 1995 Jerusalem
Embassy Act, situating them in their respective historical contexts and raising questions
about the dynamic of legislative acts that exceed the intention of both those who introduced
these bills and the legislators who passed them into law. I argue that these laws indicate the
power of broadly-shared public sentiments in modern politics and policy-making, a power
that has the potential of overwhelming more
pragmatic and cautious approaches to public
law
Cumulative Prospect Theory for Parametric and Multiattribute Utilities
In cumulative prospect theory models, different behavior concerning gains and losses is per-mitted. For gains different decision weights are assigned than for losses, and the shape of utility can reveal loss aversion. Decision analyses concentrate on both, the capacities, which determine the decision weights, and the nature of utility. This paper focuses on linear/exponential, power and multilinear utility for decision models under uncertainty. Simple preference axioms are for-mulated for a representation by a cumulative prospect theory function. All models share the following axioms: weak ordering, continuity, monotonicity and tail independence. We first show that in their presence constant absolute (proportional) risk aversion implies linear/exponential (power) utility. Then, in the multiattribute case, considering (mutual) utility independence, it is shown that the utility function is (additive/multiplicative) multilinear.mathematical economics and econometrics ;
Statistics of magnetic field fluctuations in a partially ionized space plasma
{\em Voyager 1} and {\em 2} data reveals that magnetic field fluctuations are
compressive and exhibit a Gaussian distribution in the compressed heliosheath
plasma, whereas they follow a lognormal distribution in a nearly incompressible
supersonic solar wind plasma. To describe the evolution of magnetic field, we
develop a nonlinear simulation model of a partially ionized plasma based on two
dimensional time-dependent multifluid model. Our model self-consistently
describes solar wind plasma ions, electrons, neutrals and pickup ions. It is
found from our simulations that the magnetic field evolution is governed by
mode conversion process that leads to the suppression of vortical modes,
whereas the compressive modes are amplified. An implication of the mode
conversion process is to quench the Alfv\'enic interactions associated with the
vortical motions. Consequently anisotropic cascades are reduced. This is
accompanied by the amplification of compressional modes that tend to isotropize
the plasma fluctuations and lead to a Gaussian distribution of the magnetic
field.Comment: This paper is to appear in Physics Letters
Whistler Wave Turbulence in Solar Wind Plasma
Whistler waves are present in solar wind plasma. These waves possess
characteristic turbulent fluctuations that are characterized typically by the
frequency and length scales that are respectively bigger than ion gyro
frequency and smaller than ion gyro radius. The electron inertial length is an
intrinsic length scale in whistler wave turbulence that distinguishably divides
the high frequency solar wind turbulent spectra into scales smaller and bigger
than the electron inertial length. We present nonlinear three dimensional, time
dependent, fluid simulations of whistler wave turbulence to investigate their
role in solar wind plasma. Our simulations find that the dispersive whistler
modes evolve entirely differently in the two regimes. While the dispersive
whistler wave effects are stronger in the large scale regime, they do not
influence the spectral cascades which are describable by a Kolmogorov-like
spectrum. By contrast, the small scale turbulent fluctuations
exhibit a Navier-Stokes like evolution where characteristic turbulent eddies
exhibit a typical hydrodynamic turbulent spectrum. By virtue of
equipartition between the wave velocity and magnetic fields, we quantify the
role of whistler waves in the solar wind plasma fluctuations.Comment: To appear in the Proceedings of Solar Wind 1
Self-consistent Simulations of Plasma-Neutral in a Partially Ionized Astrophysical Turbulent Plasma
A local turbulence model is developed to study energy cascades in the
heliosheath and outer heliosphere (OH) based on self-consistent two-dimensional
fluid simulations. The model describes a partially ionized magnetofluid OH that
couples a neutral hydrogen fluid with a plasma primarily through
charge-exchange interactions. Charge-exchange interactions are ubiquitous in
warm heliospheric plasma, and the strength of the interaction depends largely
on the relative speed between the plasma and the neutral fluid. Unlike
small-length scale linear collisional dissipation in a single fluid,
charge-exchange processes introduce channels that can be effective on a variety
of length scales that depend on the neutral and plasma densities, temperature,
relative velocities, charge-exchange cross section, and the characteristic
length scales. We find, from scaling arguments and nonlinear coupled fluid
simulations, that charge-exchange interactions modify spectral transfer
associated with large-scale energy-containing eddies. Consequently, the
turbulent cascade rate prolongs spectral transfer among inertial range
turbulent modes. Turbulent spectra associated with the neutral and plasma
fluids are therefore steeper than those predicted by Kolmogorov's
phenomenology. Our work is important in the context of the global heliospheric
interaction, the energization and transport of cosmic rays, gamma-ray bursts,
interstellar density spectra, etc. Furthermore, the plasma-neutral coupling is
crucial in understanding the energy dissipation mechanism in molecular clouds
and star formation processes.Comment: To appear in the Proceedings of Solar Wind 1
Properties of mass-loading shocks: 1. Hydrodynamic considerations
The one-dimensional hydrodynamics of flows subjected to mass loading are considered anew, with particular emphasis placed on determining the properties of mass-loading shocks. This work has been motivated by recent observations of the outbound Halley bow shock (Neubauer et al., 1990), which cannot be understood in terms of simple hydrodynamical or magnetohydrodynamical descriptions. By including mass injection at the shock, we have investigated the properties of the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions on the basis of a geometric formulation of the entropy condition. Such a condition, which is more powerful than the usual thermodynamical formulation, serves to determine those solutions to the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions which correspond to a physically realizable downstream state. On this basis a concise theoretical description of hydrodynamic mass-loading shocks is obtained. We show that mass-loading shocks have more in common with combustion shocks than with ordinary nonreacting gas dynamical shocks. It is shown that for decelerated solutions to the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions to exist, the upstream flow speed u0 must satisfy u0 > ucrit > cs, where cs is the sound speed. Besides the usual supersonic-subsonic transition, mass-loading fronts can also admit a decelerating supersonic-supersonic transition, the structure of which consists of a sharp decrease in the flow velocity preceding a recovery and an increase in the final downstream flow speed. We suggest the possibility that such structures may describe the inbound Halley bow shock (Coates et al., 1987a). Both parallel and oblique shocks are considered, the primary difference being that oblique shocks are subjected to a shearing stress due to mass loading. It is conjectured that such a shearing may destabilize the shock
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