Inmigración y mercado de trabajo

La inmigración ha sido un fenómeno constante y fundamental para el desarrollo económico, social y cultural del conjunto de la Unión Europea. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fin de grado consiste en avanzar en el estudio de los flujos migratorios, incidiendo en la caracterización socio-demográfica y laboral de los inmigrantes. El trabajo se centra en los residentes del País Vasco y del conjunto del territorio español desde el comienzo de la crisis económica, con el propósito de hacer una comparativa entre los dos ámbitos geográficos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que, aunque con menor intensidad y de forma algo más tardía que en el resto del estado, en el País Vasco se han producido unos patrones de comportamiento muy similares a los del conjunto del estado español. La dinámica de los flujos migratorios, las características de los inmigrantes y la inserción de los mismos en el mercado laboral siguen patrones muy similares

Disseny i càlcul d'un dispositiu per regular la temperatura de les xeringues de l'aliment de nadons d'incubadora utilitzant cel·les Peltier

En aquest PFC s’ha dut a terme el disseny i càlcul d’un dispositiu per regular la temperatura de les xeringues de l’aliment de nadons d’incubadora utilitzant cel·les Peltier. La finalitat principal del dispositiu és la de regular la temperatura d’un tipus concret de xeringa d’una capacitat de 80 ml. en la qual hi ha el producte alimentari específic per a nadons d’incubadora, amb característiques de textura semblants a la llet. El producte s’ha creat per la manca anterior en el mercat d’un sistema que reguli amb precisió la temperatura de l’aliment de l’interior de la xeringa en l’aparell específic de nodriments per a nadons d’incubadora. Amb aquest producte s’obté un ajustat control de la temperatura de l’aliment a l’hora de la seva ingestió per part del nadó. La ingestió s’efectua a través de via naso-gàstrica, amb l’ajut de una sonda anomenada ”sonda naso-gàstrica”. Els sistemes anteriors al nostre producte que habitualment s’utilitzaven pel condicionament de la temperatura de l’aliment de nadó (“bany Maria”, microones,...) eren ineficaços en quant a regular la correcta temperatura de l’aliment, i a la vegada tenien el perill d’una alta exposició de l’aliment als diferents bacteris, els quals poden provocar greus malalties a les persones i encara més si es tracta d’un nadó d’incubadora. El producte creat disminueix en gran quantitat el risc de que l’aliment s’infecti (aconseguim que la manipulació de l’aliment es minimitzi al màxim), i es té un gran control en la temperatura adient en la que el nadó ingereix l’aliment. El dispositiu dissenyat regula la temperatura de l’aliment en l’interior de la xeringa a un valor d’entre uns 10ºC a 11ºC, i arriba a la sonda naso-gàstrica a través d’un tub a una temperatura entre 17-18ºC. El dispositiu projectat funciona amb l’ajut de Cel·les Peltier. Incorpora una Cel·la Peltier de unes mesures de 30mm x30mm, amb una potència màxima de 18.8 watts. S’ha realitzat un estudi ajudats per programes com l’ANSYS (programa d’elements finits)i l’EES (Engineering Equation Solver) per realitzar simulacions del radiador de la cel·la Peltier en situacions de convecció forçada (amb ventilador) i convecció natural (sense ventilador), així com d’un programa específic de selecció de cel·les Peltier. S’han obtingut resultats del dimensionament de la cel·la Peltier i s’ha verificat si la cel·la Peltier escollida donava bons resultats. Malgrat això, s’ha treballat amb una cel·la Peltier de menys qualitat però sobredimensionada per qüestions econòmiques (tenen preus molt més baixos). Així doncs, s’ha escollit finalment una cel·la Peltier pel 9:22 9:22 dispositiu dissenyat per sobre les espectatives calculades. Això ha estat degut a la necessitat de salvaguardar la cel·la Peltier escollida que és de més baixa qualitat. Els estudis realitzats en aquest projecte han estat encaminats sobre el dimensionament de la cel·la Peltier òptima, la verificació de la cel·la Peltier escollida, el veure si complia els requisits de si dissipava per ella mateixa la calor necessària, l’adopció d’un radiador sense i amb ventilador, i la verificació de si el ventilador escollit era el correcte. Dels estudis realitzats hem pogut comparar les variacions en els fluxos de calor dissipats segons els acabats superficials del radiador d’alumini incorporat. S’ha fet un estudi dels guanys de calor de l’aliment quan la temperatura ambient és de 21ºC, i s’ha comprobat que la temperatura en la que arriba l’aliment al nadó és la correcta(entre 17 ºC i 18 ºC). En l’elaboració del producte s’han tingut en compte una sèrie de restriccions, com aconseguir una temperatura determinada i regular-la, una grandària determinada (punt molt important en tota l’elaboració del producte). La grandària depèn en gran mesura de la màquina impulsora d’èmbol a la qual s’acobla. De la mateixa manera que s’han tingut restriccions també s’ ens han demanat unes característiques determinades com és ara una llarga durabilitat i fiabilitat de tot el sistema. En la finalització del projecte, s’ha arribat a un producte molt senzill amb un mínim manteniment pel seu correcte funcionament. En el producte dissenyat s’ha mirat cap al medi ambient escollint materials reciclables, tals com els plàstics utilitzats, el coure del cableatge, l’alumini,... En la finalització del disseny s’ha creat un “pack” el qual es troba disponible a la venda. Tot el conjunt del projecte té un pressupost d’aproximadament 3.000 €, i cada “pack” té un preu al mercat de 160 €. El sistema ha evolucionat cap altres àrees dels hospitals i ara es troba en les àrees d’oncologia, malalts en coma, per tal de dur com a finalitat l’alimentació d’aquests tipus de pacients. Finalment concloure que el producte dissenyat en aquest projecte es troba en diferents hospitals de França i en hospitals d’Espanya, com per exemple l’Hospital de Sant Juan de Déu de Barcelona

"20.000 legoako bidaia itsaspetik" obraren 150. urteurrenean

Between the years 1869 and 1870. Jules Verne published one of his greatest works; "20,000 leagues under the sea". This novel, is probably the biggest novel ever to date Verne has published. In this massive work, Nautilus, the legendary submarine, reveals the secrets of the seas in an entertainer as an entertainer voyage. Youngsters (and not that youngsters) are offered an unrivaled access to sea research. In this article, some considerations on the novel and his author appear; It also explains small thoughts on the author’s scientific knowledge and coherency (although imperfect) in the work and on the influence of Verne on later authors. In fact, not always 150 years are fulfilled and the importance and influence of the novel is worth the effort to carry out.; 1869 eta 1870. urteen bitartean Jules Vernek bere obra nagusietako bat plazaratu zuen; "20.000 legoako bidaia itsaspetik" hain zuzen. Nobela hau Vernek seguruenik momentura arte sortu zuen nobelarik handiena da. Lan erraldoi horretan, Nautilus urpeko ontzi mitikoari esker itsasoetako sekretuak azaleratzen zaizkigu bidaia entretenigarri bezain hezitzaile batean, gaztetxoei (eta ez horren gaztetxoei) itsasoaren ikerketari buruzko sarbide paregabea eskainiz. Artikulu honetan, nobelaren eta haren autorearen inguruko zenbait gogoeta azaltzen dira; autoreak erakusten duen jakintza zientifiko eta koherentzia handia (baina inperfektua) eta Vernek geroago etorriko diren autoreengan duen eraginari buruzko hausnarketa txiki bat ere azaltzen da. Izan ere, ez dira egunero 150 urte betetzen, eta nobelaren garrantziak eta eraginak merezi du esfortzu txiki hau burutzea

Freshwater molluscs from volcanic areas as model organisms to assess adaptation to metal chronic pollution

Copyright © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Cellular biomarkers of exposure and biological effects were measured in digestive gland of snails (Physa acuta) sampled in sites with 12 andwithout active volcanismin SãoMiguel Island (Azores).Metal content in digestive cell lysosomeswas determined by image analysis 13 after autometallography (AMG) as volume density of autometallographed black silver deposits (VvBSD). Lysosomal structural changes 14 (lysosomal volume, surface and numerical densities – VvLYS, SvLYS and NvLYS−, and surface-to-volume ratio – S/VLYS−) were 15 quantified by image analysis, after demonstration of β-glucuronidase activity, on digestive gland cryotome sections. Additional chemical 16 analyses (atomic absorption spectrophotometry) were done in the digestive gland of snails. The highestmetal concentrations were found 17 in snails from the active volcanic site, which agreed with high intralysomal VvBSD. Digestive cell lysosomes in snails inhabiting sites 18 with active volcanismresembled a typical stress situation (enlarged and less numerous lysosomes). In conclusion, the biomarkers used in 19 this work can be applied to detect changes in metal bioavailability due to chronic exposure to metals (volcanism), in combination with 20 chemical analyses.Centro de Investigação de Re- 430 cursos Naturais (CIRN, University of the Azores) and 431 Direcção Regional da Ciência e Tecnologia (Government 432 of the Azores) and by the Basque Government (ETOR- 433 TEK

Impacts of sewage sludges deposition on agricultural soils: Effects upon model soil organisms

During years sewage sludges have been worldwide poured in agricultural soils to enhance vegetal production. The "Landfill 17" located in Gernika-Lumo town (43°19'28.9"N 2°40'30.9"W) received for decades sewage sludges from the local Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) with agricultural purposes. To this WWTP, several pollutants as heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb), PAHs (benzo(a)pyrene among many others) and pesticides (i.e. dieldrin) could have arrived from local industry and be widespread all over the landfill. Soil invertebrates like earthworms and plants are of special interest due to their close contact with the polluted matrix and their potential effects by the presence of pollutants. In this context, the aim of the present work was to determine the health status of landfill soils by evaluating the effects on model soil organisms exerted by long-lasted pollutants after on site deposition of WWTP active sludges. With such a purpose, different standard toxicity tests and cellular level endpoints were performed on lettuce and earthworms. Indeed, germination (EPA 850.4100) and root elongation (EPA 850.4230) tests were carried out in Lactuca sativa, while OECD acute toxicity test (OECD-204), reproduction test (OECD-222) and Calcein-AM viability test with coelomocytes were applied in Eisenia fetida worms. For the exposure, soils collected in the landfield containing low, medium and high concentrations of pollutants were selected, and as reference LUFA 2.3 natural standard soil was chosen. While no differences were shown in the assays with L. sativa, significant differences between sludge exposed groups and control group were recorded with E. fetida, with lower coelomocyte number and viability and higher tissue metal accumulation after 28days of exposure to polluted soils. These results confirmed the impact of contaminants to soil biota even after long periods of time.Basque Government (IT810-13), CTM2017-87766-R from MINECO, PhytoSUDOE-SOE1/P5/E0189, and Gernika City Hall

Accumulation, Depuration, and Biological Effects of Polystyrene Microplastic Spheres and Adsorbed Cadmium and Benzo(a)pyrene on the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Publisher PD

Integrative biomarker assessment of the effects of chemically and mechanically dispersed crude oil in Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas

International audienceThe impact of dispersed crude oil and dispersant on adult Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, was evaluated through an integrative biomarker approach including (1) biochemical (plasma catecholase- and laccase-type phenoloxidase and superoxide dismutase), (2) histological (digestive cell lysosomal responses, digestive gland histopathology) and (3) physiological (flesh condition index) endpoints in the haemolymph and digestive gland. Adult oysters were exposed to non-contaminated water (control), chemically-dispersed oil (Brut Arabian Light), mechanically-dispersed oil and dispersant (FINASOL®) alone for 2 days, and further depurated in noncontaminated water for 4 weeks. After exposure to chemically and mechanically dispersed oil oysters exhibited induction of plasma laccase-type phenoloxidase and superoxide dismutase activities, enlargement of digestive cell lysosomes, lipofuscin accumulation, reduced neutral lipid content and atrophy of digestive gland diverticula; more markedly on exposure to chemically dispersed oil. From the studied biomarkers, only lysosomal biomarkers were significantly affected after exposure to the dispersant alone. This included lysosomal enlargement, neutral lipid depletion and lipofuscin accumulation in the digestive gland epithelium. A recovery of plasma enzyme activities was observed after 4 weeks of depuration. The integrative biological response index indicated that chemically dispersed oil caused significantly higher stress to C. gigas than the mechanically-dispersed one or the dispersant alone; nevertheless, the response seems to be reversible after depuration

Variability and distribution of parasites, pathologies and their effect on wild mussels (Mytilus sp) in different environments along a wide latitudinal span in the Northern Atlantic and Arctic Oceans

[EN] Histopathological examination in mussels can provide useful information for the diagnosis of ecosystem health status. The distribution of parasites in mussels can be conditioned by several environmental factors, including mussels collecting sites or the presence/absence of other species necessary to complete the complex life cycle of certain parasites. Thus, these variables could not only govern the parasitic burden of mussels but also the presence of pathologies associated to parasitism. The aim of this study was to identify the histopathological alterations which could be indicative of a health status distress along a wide latitudinal span in the Northern Atlantic and Arctic Oceans in mussels of two size-classes sampled in clean and impacted sites. A latitudinal gradient is clearly observed in gamete developmental stages as northern and southern mussels presented different conditions at the same period. Furthermore, mussels of the same size in different latitudes presented differences in the reproductive cycle and the appearance of related pathologies, which probably meant the age of individuals was different. In addition, specific parasitic profiles ruled by latitudinal conditions and the settlement of mussels in the shore (horizontal/vertical) have been demonstrated to be significantly influential in the health condition of mussels. Furthermore, the present work provides the first histological description of Gymnophallus cf. bursicola parasite causing a considerable host response in Tromso and Iceland plus the report of grave histopathological status that included high prevalence of granulocytomas in Scotland and Germany.This work has been partially funded by the following sources: EU GRACE Project (Grant Agreement Number 679266) ; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU, predoctoral fellowship to DB) , and Basque Government (IT810-13)

Parental Self-Efficacy to Promote Children’s Healthy Lifestyles: A Pilot and Feasibility Study

Positive parenting programs are a key strategy to promote the development of parental competence. We designed a pilot study based on parental self-efficacy to promote healthy lifestyles in their children aged between 2 to 5 years old. In this pilot study, we aimed to assess the effects of a parenting program on parental self-efficacy and parenting styles. Twenty-five parents were allocated into intervention (N = 15) and control group (N = 10). Parents from the intervention group received four group sessions (120 mi per session) to develop a positive parenting, parenting styles and parenting skills regarding to children’s diet, exercise, and screen time, and two additional sessions about child development and family games. Parents from the control group received these two latter sessions. Parental self-efficacy, parenting styles, and meal-related parenting practices were measured before and after the intervention and at 3-month follow-up. Acceptability and feasibility of the program was also measured. Quantitative data were analyzed using the repeat measures ANOVA and ANCOVA tests and the effect size calculation. Content analysis was used to analyse open questions. Positive trends were found regarding parental self-efficacy and the use of authoritative parenting style. Parents also reported a great acceptability of the program getting high satisfaction. According to the feasibility barriers and facilitators aspects were identified. The positive trends founded in this study support the development of parenting programs to promote healthy lifestyle in children

Innovative in vivo and in vitro bioassays for the establishment of toxicity thresholds of pollutants in sediment quality assessment using polychaetes and their immune cells.

Sediment toxicity testing has become a crucial component for assessing the risks posed by contaminated sediments and for the development of sediment quality assessment strategies. Commonly used organisms for bioassays with estuarine sediments include amphipods, Arenicola marina polychaetes and echinoids. Among the latter, the Sea Urchin Embryo test (SET) is the most widely used. However, one relevant limitation of this bioassay is the unavailability of gametes all year-round, particularly outside the natural spawning seasons. Consequently, the establishment of an appropriate and complementary model organism for a continuous assessment of sediment quality is recommended. A reliable assessment of the hazards resulting from pollutants in sediments or pore water, can be achieved with ecologically relevant species of sediment such as the polychaete Hediste diversicolor, which is widespread in estuaries and has the capacity to accumulate pollutants. The aim of this work was to develop reliable in vivo and in vitro bioassays with H. diversicolor and its coelomocytes (immune cells) to determine the toxicity thresholds of different contaminants bounded to sediments or resuspended into water. Polychaetes were exposed to sublethal concentrations of CuCl2 (in vivo) and a non-invasive method for collection of polychaetes coelomocytes was applied for the in vitro bioassay, exposing cells to a series of CuCl2 and AgNPs concentrations. Same reference toxicants were used to expose Paracentrotus lividus following the SET (ICES N 51; Beiras et al., 2012) and obtained toxicity thresholds were compared between the two species. In vivo exposure of polychaetes to high concentrations of Cu produced weight loss and histopathological alterations. After in vitro approaches, a significant decrease in coelomocytes viability was recorded for both toxicants, in a monotonic dose-response curve, at very short-exposure times (2h). The toxicity thresholds obtained with polychaetes were in line with the ones obtained with the SET, concluding that their sensitivity is similar. In conclusion, in vivo and in vitro bioassays developed with H. diversicolor are accurate toxicity screenings of pollutants that could be bounded to sediments or dissolved in the pore water, and may complement the SET outside the spawning period of the echinoderms. The bioassays herein developed could be applied not only to establish the toxicity thresholds of individual compounds or mixtures, but also to assess the toxicity of field collected sediments.The authors thank Basque Government (Grant to Consolidated Research Groups; IT1302-19, IT1213-19) and Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SEAdimenTOX project, CTM 2017-87766-R)