Polymerization Of Glyserol Monostearat With Azelaic Acid

In this study, polymerization reaction between glycerol monostearat (1g, 0.002mol) with azelaic acid (2g, 0.005mol) carried out. Production process of this polymer is made in temperature 60-80?C and pressure (~150Pa) by using Novozym's enzyme catalyst 435 for 3 hours. Starting material is glycerol monostearat (MAG) produced through esterification reaction in temperature 60-80?C for 4 hours by using enzyme catalyst are Rhizomucor miehei and Lipozim TL IM. After that  purification of MAG carried out through winterization process by using centrifugal that separate MAG and hexane solution. It kept at 0?C for 24 hours until precipitation formed through centrifugation (3,500 rpm, 20 means, 4?C). After MAG produced, it will analyzed by HPLC and found as much as content 100% of both MAG. Further analysis are 1H and 13C NMR and FTIR to know absorption spectrum and peak produced from MAG and polymer

Behind the Knowledge and Attitude: Female Adolescent in Looking at Physical Appearance Change during Puberty at SMPN 1 Telaga Biru Gorontalo

As a period of life, the adolescence is an important stage that a person must go through before he reaches adulthood. During adolescence, many changes occur both biologically, psychologically and socially. Generally, the process of physical change occurs faster than mental maturation. The changes in physical appearance that occur in adolescents can cause anxiety and awkwardness for adolescents because they require them to adjust to the changes that occur. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of young women in preparing for physical appearance changes during puberty in SMP Negeri 1 Telaga Biru, Gorontalo District, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. This type of research is a quantitative study with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were all of the 163 female junior high school students of SMP Negeri 1 Telaga Biru 1 in Gorontalo. The sampling technique used stratified random sampling on grade VII to IX students. The obtained samples were 54 students. Data processing was analyzed using chi square test. Based on the research results, it was found that the relationship between the knowledge of young women in dealing with physical changes at puberty was p value = 0.009 < 0.05. Second, there is a relationship between the attitudes of young women in dealing with physical changes at puberty with the results of the chi square test showing the p value = 0.007 < 0.05. The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between adolescent knowledge in dealing with physical changes at puberty and there is a relationship between adolescent attitudes in dealing with physical changes at puberty. Researchers expect that in dealing with changes during puberty, adolescents must equip themselves with knowledge and have a positive attitude

Chemical profile of compounds from lichens of Bukit Larut, Peninsular Malaysia

The lichen collection from Bukit Larut, Taiping, Malaysia in 1999 included Bulbothrix isidiza, Chrysothrix xanthina, Cladonia adspersa, C. verticillata, Coccocarpia palmicola, Heterodermia flabellata, H. japonica, H. obscurata, Hypotrachyna imbricatula, Leptogium azureum, Parmelinella wallichiana, Parmotrema tinctorum, P. clavuliferum, P. reticulatum, Pertusaria sp., Physma byrsaeum, Usnea baileyi and Usnea rubrotincta. Secondary metabolites could not be detected in three lichens, Coccocarpia palmicola, Leptogium azureum and Physma byrsaeum by HPLC and TLC analysis. The other 15 lichen species showed the presence of ten classes of compounds, depsides (10 compounds), depsidones (16), quinones (5), xanthones (2), naphthopyrones (1), pulvinic acid derivatives (1), diphenylethers (1), dibenzofurans (1), aliphatic acids (4) and terpenoids (3)

Persistence of carbofuran in Malaysian waters

The stability of carbofuran was investigated in river, sea and ground waters of Malaysia. The water samples collected were from pollution-free areas in Malaysia and all samples were spiked with carbofuran at 1 μg/mL. The concentrations of carbofuran residue in the samples were measured under light and dark conditions at various intervals and their half-lives determined. It was found that the half-lives in unfiltered and filtered river water exposed to sunlight and filtered river water kept in the dark were 5, 6.6 and 8.6 days respectively. For sea water exposed to sunlight and kept in the dark, the half-lives of carbofuran were 3.28 and 12.98 days respectively. The residue of carbofuran was monitored in ground water and it was observed that the concentration of carbofuran was reduced to 65% of the initial concentration after 67 days. It was observed that the dissipation of carbofuran through oxidation and adsorption on solid suspended materials was insignificant. This study showed that photolysis and hydrolysis are the main pathways for the dissipation of carbofuran in water and that the pH of the water is one of the main factors influencing its degradation

Xanthones and an anthraquinone from stem bark and roots of Cratoxylum arborescens

Phytochemical studies were conducted on the stem bark and roots of Cratoxylum arborescens that has been collected from Post Brooke, Gua Musang, Kelantan, Malaysia. Cratoxylum arborescens has orange latex like iodin. The orange latex from stem bark could be found because of existing xanthones compounds. Extraction of the stem bark using organic solvents followed by extensive purification using standard procedure of purification yielded three known xanthones, pruniflorone H (1), cochinchinone C (2) and macluraxanthone (3). Employing the same procedure, an anthraquinone, vismiaquinone (4) was isolated from the roots of the plants. These four compounds were characterized by NMR spectral data using 1D and 2D-techniques and comparison with the literature data. The result of this studies suggested that xanthones are the main compounds of Cratoxylum

Persistence of carbofuran in two Malaysian soils

Persistence of carbofuran in two Malaysian soils namely the Bagan Datoh and Labu soils was studied under laboratory conditions at a constant temperature of 30°C. Air-dried soil was sieved and then spiked with 10 µg g-1 of carbofuran at three different moisture levels, namely 100%, 90% and 60% field capacity. It was observed that the half-lives of carbofuran in the Labu soil samples (which are low in organic matter content) at 100%, 90% and 60% field capacity were 57.28, 38.51 and 115.52 days respectively. However the corresponding half-lives of carbofuran in the Bagan Datoh samples (which are high in organic matter content) at 100%, 90% and 60% field capacity were 192.54, 141.46 and 203.87 days respectively. The half-life recording of carbofuran in autoclaved Bagan Datoh and Labu soil samples were 147.5 days and 301.37 days respectively at 100% field capacity and at a constant temperature of 30°C. The degradation of carbofuran followed a first order kinetic reaction. The results of this study showed that soil moisture content, micro-organisms and the organic matter content (OM) affected the degradation of carbofuran in both soils studied

Study on the downward movement of carbofuran in two Malaysian soils

The downward movement of carbofuran in two Malaysian soil types was studied using soil columns. The columns were filled with disturbed and undisturbed soils of either the Bagan Datoh soil (clay) or the Labu soil (sandy clay). The average total percentage of carbofuran in the leachate of the undisturbed Labu soil after 14 days of watering (80.8%) was approximately similar to that of the total amount from the disturbed soil (81.4%). However, carbofuran leaching was observed in the disturbed soil after the fourth day of watering whereas for the undisturbed soil, leaching occurred after the first watering. A similar trend was observed in the Bagan Datoh soil where the residue of carbofuran was detected after the first day of watering in the undisturbed soil column but only at the eighth day of watering in the disturbed soil column. The total percentage carbofuran in the leachate of disturbed and undisturbed soil columns from Bagan Datoh after 14 days of watering was 3.6% and 41.7%, respectively. The study showed that less leaching occurred in soil columns with high organic content such as the Bagan Datoh soil and especially so in disturbed soils where the organic matter was homogeneously mixed in all layers

Composition of the Steam Volatile Oil from Hyptis suaveolens Poit

The steam volatile oil from the aerial parts of Hyptis suaveolens has been examined by combined GC-MS. Of the 70 components detected, 38 have been identified accounting for approximately 86% of the oil. ( β Caryophyllene was present to 41% and 1,8-cincole, terpinen-4-o 1, ex-bergamotene, sabinene and ex -copaene were the other major components. This oil appears to be chemically distinct from the one reported from H. suaveolens collected in South America

Utilization of lignin in empty fruit bunch for production of fine chemicals: development of subcritical water technology and ΔpcaHG-ΔcatA Rhodococcus jostii RHA1

Lignin is an alternative source of chemicals particularly phenolic compounds if it could broken down into smaller molecular units. Subcritical water (SCW) is a known technology that has the ability to break down lignin by hydrolysis. In this study, the SCW depolymerizes empty fruit bunch derived lignin into a mixture of aromatic compounds. The mixture, however, is impractical to be utilized and the cost to separate each of the components is relatively high. Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 is a bacterium that can degrade a wide range of aromatic compounds. Specific gene deletion of RHA1 has shown that the RHA1 loses its ability to catabolize specific chemicals. This research project aims to utilize empty fruit bunch derived lignin via SCW technology and subsequently biological process using mutant Rhodococcus jostii RHA1, ΔpcaHG-ΔcatA mutant RHA1

Minyak Pati Beberapa Bahagian Pokok Goniothalamus ridleyi (Essential Oils from Different Parts of Goniothalamus ridleyi Plant)

The essential oils of fresh and dried samples of stem bark, stem, fruit, root and leaf of Goniothalamus ridleyi were extracted using hydrodistillation. They were examined by capillary GC and GC-MS. The chemical constituents were identified by comparison of their mass spectral data with those from the Wiley library, their retention indices and co-injection with the authentic samples. A total of 50 compounds representing 89.5% of the essential oil content were identified from the fresh stem bark of G. ridleyi. The fresh stem bark oil was dominated by linalool (15.2%) and citronellal (10.9%). A total of 47 compounds representing 90.1% of the total oil were identified from fresh stem of G. ridleyi, with the major compounds identified as β-eudesmol (27.1%) and γ-eudesmol (20.8%). The fruit oil contain 49 identified compounds representing 89.8% of total oil with the major constituents identified as β-cubebene (20.7%) and elemol (20.2%). The chemical constituent in the fresh sample were similar to the constituent in the dried sample, except that the dried samples were found to be rich in β-caryophyllene, limonene, β-selinene, viridifloral, α-copaene and cyperene