Rank-Ordering of topographic variables correlated with temperature

International audienceSpatial variations in temperature may be ascribed to many variables. Among these, variables pertaining to topography are prominent. Thus various topographic variables were calculated from 50 m-resolution digital terrain models (DTMs) for three study areas in France and for Slovenia. The "classic" geomatic variables (altitude, aspect, gradient, etc.) are supplemented by the description of landforms (amplitude of humps and hollows). Special care is taken in managing collinearity among variables and building windows with different dimensions. Statistical processing involves linear regressions of daily temperatures taken as the response variables and six topographic variables (explanatory variables). Altitude accounts significantly for the spatial variation in temperatures in 90% of cases, except in the Gironde, a low- lying area (50%). The scale of landforms also appears to be highly correlated to the measured temperature. Variations in the frequency with which topographic descriptors account for temperatures are examined from several standpoints. Al- titude is less frequently taken as an explanatory variable for spatial variation of temperatures in winter (75%) than in spring (80%) and late summer (85%). Minimum temperatures are influenced on average much more by the amplitude of humps and hollows (56%) than maximum temperatures (38%) are. The frequency with which these two landforms ac- count for the spatial variation of temperature is reversed between the minima and maxima

Path modelling and settlement pattern

This paper describes the contribution of path modelling to the ancient settlement pattern study over the long term. The path modelling methodology is a stimulating tool, which is complementary to the hierarchical approaches in the landscape archaeology since it contributes to the understanding of the spatial relation between archaeological sites. The existing methodology was enhanced by enlarging the set of path reconstitution parameters (visibility) and by modelling in two scales. The proposed model is based on parameters derived merely from the relief because its changes should be insignificant even over a long period time

Halitosis : a review

Halitoza je neugodan miris izdahnutog zraka. Podaci istraživanja pokazuju da je 87% zadaha uzrokovano bolestima koje su lokalizirane u samoj usnoj šupljini. Najčešće su gingivitis, parodontitis i obloženost jezika. U manjem broju slučajeva zadah može biti uzrokovan sistemskim bolestima kao što su gastrointestinalna stanja (Zenkerov divertikul, želučana hernija, intestinalni plinovi), bubrežna, pankreasna i jetrena insuficijencija te ponekad i lijekovi, kao metronidazol. Dijagnostičke metode u otkrivanju uzroka zadaha mogu se podijeliti na klinička, koja uključuju organoleptička testiranja uz pomoć osobe kalibrirane za tankoćutni nosni osjet, i laboratorijska ispitivanja, koja uključuju instrumente koji mogu detektirati komponente izdahnutog zraka (kadaverin, putrescin, ureja, indol, skatol, metilmerkaptan, vodikov sulfid). Liječenje zadaha treba biti etiološko, odnosno uklanjanje samog uzroka bolesti, bilo da se radi o intraoralnom uzročniku ili ekstraoralnom kao što su sistemske bolesti, pri čemu je onda potreban multidisciplinarni stručni pristup.Halitosis is an unpleasant odor of the exhaled breath. Research data show that the majority of cases of bad breath, 87%, are caused by diseases localized in the oral cavity. The most common ones include gingivitis, periodontitis and tongue coating. In a smaller number of cases bad breath may be caused by systemic diseases such as gastrointestinal conditions (Zenker's diverticulum, hiatal hernia, intestinal gases), renal, pancreatic and hepatic insuficiency and sometimes drugs like Metronidazol. Diagnostic methods in identifying the cause of bad breath can be divided into clinical, including organoleptic testing with the help of a trained expert with an acute sense of smell and laboratory tests including instruments that can detect bad breath components (cadaverine, putrescine, urea, indole, skatole, methyl mercaptan, hydrogen sulfide). The treatment of bad breath should be etiological, i.e. removing the cause of the disease, whether it be intra-oral or extra-oral such as systemic diseases, which requires a multidisciplinary professional approach

Novi podatki o razširjenosti in razponu nadmorskih višin pojavljanja dalmatinskega rjavčka, Proterebia afra dalmata (Godart, [1824]) (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae) na Hrvaškem

During the survey of butterfly fauna of Dalmatian mountains in the last years, Proterebia afra dalmata (Godart, 1824) was found on several new sites, including the first records of this subspecies at higher altitudes (Poštak, Svilaja, Promina, Kamešnica and Dinara Mts.). In this paper we present a much more complete picture of the distribution of this presumably rare butterfly and discuss its altitudinal distribution. The species was found at altitude of almost 1500 m, therefore the characterization of the subspecies as a lowland butterfly can be dismissed.Med raziskavami favne metuljev dalmatinskih hribov v zadnjih letih smo vrsto Proterebia afra dalmata (Godart, 1824) našli na več novih lokalitetah, vključno s prvimi najdbami te podvrste na višjih nadmorskih višinah (gore Poštak, Svilaja, Promina, Kamešnica in Dinara). V članku predstavljamo veliko popolnejšo sliko razširjenosti tega domnevno redkega metulja in razpravljamo o njegovi višinski razširjenosti. Vrsto smo našli na skoraj 1500 m višine, zat omoramo zavreči opredelitev vrste kot nižinske

Stereoscopic Estimation of Volcanic Ash Cloud-Top Height from Two Geostationary Satellites

The characterization of volcanic ash clouds released into the atmosphere during explosive eruptions includes cloud height as a fundamental physical parameter. A novel application is proposed of a method based on parallax data acquired from two geostationary instruments for estimating ash cloud-top height (ACTH). An improved version of the method with a detailed discussion of height retrieval accuracy was applied to estimate ACTH from two datasets acquired by two satellites in favorable positions to fully exploit the parallax effect. A combination of MSG SEVIRI (HRV band; 1000 m nadir spatial resolution, 5 min temporal resolution) and Meteosat-7 MVIRI (VIS band, 2500 m nadir spatial resolution, 30 min temporal resolution) was implemented. Since MVIRI does not acquire data at exactly the same time as SEVIRI, a correction procedure enables compensation for wind advection in the atmosphere. The method was applied to the Mt. Etna, Sicily, Italy, eruption of 23 November 2013. The height of the volcanic cloud was tracked with a top height of ~8.5 km. The ash cloud estimate was applied to the visible channels to show the potential accuracy that will soon be achievable also in the infrared range using the next generation of multispectral imagers. The new constellation of geostationary meteorological satellites will enable full exploitation of this technique for continuous global ACTH monitoring