The hydroxyl species and acid sites on diatomite surface: a combined IR and Raman study

Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT), Raman spectroscopy of adsorbed Pyridine molecules (Py-Raman) and in situ Py-IR have been used to investigate the hydroxyl species and acid sites on diatomite surfaces. The Lewis (L) and BrØnsted (B) acid sites, and various hydroxyl species, including isolated hydroxyl groups, H-bonded hydroxyl groups and physically adsorbed water, are identified. The L acid sites in diatomite samples are resulted from the clay impurities, and the B acid sites are resulted from some moderate strength H-bonded hydroxyl groups. At room temperature, both of the isolated and H-bonded silanols associate with the physically adsorbed water by hydrogen bond. After calcination treatment, physically adsorbed water will be desorbed from the silanols, and the silanols will condense with the increase of temperature. Generally, the H-bonded silanols condense more easily than the isolated ones. The properties of surface hydroxyl species of diatomaceous silica are more similar to precipitated silica rather than fumed silica

A time domain binaural model based on spatial feature extraction for the head-related transfer function

A complex-valued head-related transfer function (HRTF) can be represented as a real-valued head-related impulse response (HRIR). The interaural time and level cues of HRIRs are extracted to derive the binaural model and also to normalize each measured HRIR. Using the Karhunen–Loeve expansion, normalized HRIRs are modeled as a weighted combination of a set of basis functions in a low-dimensional subspace. The basis functions and the space samples of the weights are obtained from the measured HRIR. A simple linear interpolation algorithm is employed to obtain the modeled binaural HRIRs. The modeled HRIRs are nearly identical to the measured HRIRs from an anesthetized live cat. Typical mean-square errors and cross-correlation coefficients between the 1816 measured and modeled HRIRs are 1% and 0.99, respectively. The real-valued operations and linear interpolating in the model are very effective for speeding up the model computation in real-time implementation. This approach has made it possible to simulate real free-field signals at the two eardrums of a cat via earphones and to study the neuronal responses to such a virtual acoustic space (VAR). ©1997 Acoustical Society of America.published_or_final_versio

A study of Al1-xInxN growth by reflection high-energy electron diffraction-incorporation of cation atoms during molecular-beam epitaxy

Molecular-beam epitaxy of Al1-x Inx N alloys with different indium (In) contents, x, were studied by in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). Growth rates of the alloys were measured by the RHEED intensity oscillations for different source flux conditions, while the lattice parameters were derived from the diffraction patterns. It was found that under the excess nitrogen growth regime, incorporation of aluminum was complete whereas incorporation of In atoms was incomplete even at temperatures below 400 °C. © 2008 American Institute of Physics.published_or_final_versio

Study on the influence of temperature on the surface asperity in micro cross wedge rolling

When the common deformation processes are scaled down to micro/meso dimensions, size effect is the particular phenomena in microforming, which is related to the dominant influence of single grains inside the micropart. The conventional cross wedge rolling (CWR) is introduced into the micro scale in order to take the advantages of CWR. The micro cross wedge rolling (MCWR) has to confront with the phenomena of size effect that occurs in the common microforming processes inevitably. One of the approaches to compensate size effect is to increase the deforming temperature. An increased formability is achieved because more slip systems of polycrystal metal are activated at the elevated temperature. This reduces the anisotropic material behavior resulting in a more homogeneous forming with improved reproducibility. In this study, a YAG laser beam is applied to heat the workpiece. Finite element model (FEM) associated with a material constitutive formulation considering dislocation mechanics is set up to simulate the MCWR of pure copper utilizing the laser heating. The surface asperity as an indication of material heterogeneity in micro scale is quantitatively analysed. The simulation results show a good agreement with experimental results in terms of the surface asperity. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC

A new model for comprehensive service-Learning : a case study in Long-chi Village

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Wavelet analysis of head-related transfer functions

The directional-dependent information in the head-related transfer function (HRTF) is important for the study of human sound localization system and the synthesis of virtual auditory signals. Its time-domain and frequency-domain characteristics have been widely studied by researchers. The purpose of this paper is to explore the ability of discrete wavelet transform to describe the time-scale characteristics of HRTFs. Both the time-domain characteristics and energy distribution of different frequency subbands were studied. Discrete wavelet analysis is found to be a new direction-dependence information showing the relation of the characteristics of the HRTFs to sound source directions.published_or_final_versio

Genetic analysis of farmed and wild stocks of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea by using microsatellite markers

The large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) is one of the most economically important mariculture fish species in China. In this study, the genetic diversity and relationship among a wild stock, four farmed stocks and a selectively bred strain of large yellow croaker were assessed by 14 microsatellite markers. A total of 108 different alleles were detected over all loci. The average number of allele per locus ranged from 5.57 to 7.93, with an average of 6.75; the observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.572 to 0.665 and from 0.649 to 0.751, with an average of 0.621 and 0.694, respectively; the Shannon’s diversity index ranged from 1.34 to 1.64, with an average of 1.48. The selectively bred strain had the lowest genetic diversity; all farmed stocks showed a slight reduction of genetic variability contrasted with wild stock. All stocks suffered severe bottleneck. The pair-wise FST, the phylogenetic tree, the factor correspondence analysis and the model based clustering analysis revealed that, the Ningbo stock, which was from Zhejiang province, was different from the remaining stocks from Fujian province. This study suggested that (1) the farmed stocks were at relatively low level of genetic diversity compared with the wild stock; (2) samples from Ningbo investigated in this study have a distinct divergence with those from Fujian province; (3) there had emerged significant differentiation among farmed stocks.Key words: Pseudosciaena crocea, large yellow croaker, genetic structure, microsatellite markers

Patient-derived iPSCs show premature neural differentiation and neuron type-specific phenotypes relevant to neurodevelopment.

Ras/MAPK pathway signaling is a major participant in neurodevelopment, and evidence suggests that BRAF, a key Ras signal mediator, influences human behavior. We studied the role of the mutation BRAFQ257R, the most common cause of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC), in an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived model of human neurodevelopment. In iPSC-derived neuronal cultures from CFC subjects, we observed decreased p-AKT and p-ERK1/2 compared to controls, as well as a depleted neural progenitor pool and rapid neuronal maturation. Pharmacological PI3K/AKT pathway manipulation recapitulated cellular phenotypes in control cells and attenuated them in CFC cells. CFC cultures displayed altered cellular subtype ratios and increased intrinsic excitability. Moreover, in CFC cells, Ras/MAPK pathway activation and morphological abnormalities exhibited cell subtype-specific differences. Our results highlight the importance of exploring specific cellular subtypes and of using iPSC models to reveal relevant human-specific neurodevelopmental events

Neural network model of binaural hearing based on spatial feature extraction of the head related transfer function

In spatial hearing, complex valued head-related transfer function (HRTF) can be represented as a real valued head-related impulse response (HRIR). Using Karhunen-Loeve expansion, the spatial features of the normalized HRIRs on measurement space can be extracted as spatial character functions. A neural network model based on Von-Mises function is used to approximate the discrete spatial character function of HRIR. As a result, a time-domain binaural model is established and it fits the measured HRIRs well.published_or_final_versio

Study on the anti-cerebral ischemia effect of borneol and its mechanism

Background: Borneol is the processed item from resin of Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f. It can enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes in brain tissue and reduce inflammatory response by improving the energy metabolism of ischemic brain regions, and thereby reduces brain tissue damage. The objective of this paper was to study the anti-cerebral ischemia effect of borneol and its mechanism.Materials and Methods: The anti-cerebral ischemia effect of borneol was studied by ligation of bilateral common carotid arteries (CCA), and vagus nerves in mice and the acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion experiment in rats.Results: Compared with the blank and solvent control groups, the borneol low-; medium-; and high-dose groups can significantly prolong the gasping time of mice after decapitation, and extend the survival time of mice after ligation of bilateral CCA, and vagus nerves.Conclusion: Compared with the Xueshuantong injection group, the prolongation of survival time of mice after ligation of bilateral CCA, and vagus nerves was more apparent in the high-dose borneol experimental group; each experimental group can significantly reduce the number of leukocyte infiltration, the number of ICAM-1-positive vessels, as well as the number of TNF-α-positive cells.Conclusion: Borneol has an anti-cerebral ischemia effect.Key words: borneol; cerebral ischemia-reperfusion; IL-1β, TNF-α; ICAM-