Graphlet and Orbit Computation on Heterogeneous Graphs

Many applications, ranging from natural to social sciences, rely on graphlet analysis for the intuitive and meaningful characterization of networks employing micro-level structures as building blocks. However, it has not been thoroughly explored in heterogeneous graphs, which comprise various types of nodes and edges. Finding graphlets and orbits for heterogeneous graphs is difficult because of the heterogeneity and abundance of semantic information. We consider heterogeneous graphs, which can be treated as colored graphs. By applying the canonical label technique, we determine the graph isomorphism problem with multiple states on nodes and edges. With minimal parameters, we build all non-isomorphic graphs and associated orbits. We provide a Python package that can be used to generate orbits for colored directed graphs and determine the frequency of orbit occurrence. Finally, we provide four examples to illustrate the use of the Python package.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figure

Wafer-Scale Si-Based Metal−Insulator−Semiconductor Photoanodes for Water Oxidation Fabricated Using Thin Film Reactions and Multiple-layer Electrodeposited Catalysts

Solar-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting offers a promising and environmentally friendly route for the conversion of renewable solar energy to hydrogen gas. A crystalline Si absorber is especially attractive due to its moderate bandgap, high charge mobility, long carrier diffusion length, costeffectiveness, and scalability in manufacturing. To improve the stability of Si-based PEC cells in operation, metal−insulator− semiconductor (MIS) structures have been widely employed. In this work, we employ simple and highly scalable processes to fabricate high-performance, extremely stable Si-based MIS photoanodes, and demonstrate their application to the fabrication of wafer-scale photoanodes. Localized conduction paths formed via an Al/SiO2 thin-film reaction enable low-resistance charge extraction even through thick insulating layers, yielding photoanodes with excellent stability. To improve the efficiency, we demonstrate a twostep Ni/NiFe electrodeposition process to create efficient oxygen evolution reaction catalysts. The Ni/NiFe catalyst allows for a high Schottky barrier between Si and Ni, lowering the photoanode onset potential, while the NiFe surface layer improves the catalytic performance. An unassisted solar-driven water splitting system incorporating a wafer-scale photoanode and monocrystalline Si solar cells is demonstrated and yields a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 6.9% under simulated AM 1.5G sunlight illumination.This research was primarily supported by the National Science Foundation (grant CBET-2109842). The authors acknowledge the use of the facilities and instrumentation supported by Texas Materials Institute, and by the National Science Foundation through the Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials: an NSF MRSEC under Cooperative Agreement nos. DMR-1720595 and DMR-2308817. This work was performed in part at the University of Texas Microelectronics Research Center, a member of the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure (NNCI), which is supported by the National Science Foundation (grant ECCS-2025227).Center for Dynamics and Control of Material

Performance Enhancing Drugs: History, Medical Effects & Policy

The goal of this paper is to serve as a general treatise on the vast topic of use of performance enhancing drugs in athletic competition. It begins by laying out the extensive history of doping in sports, from the ancient Romans to the East German Olympic swim team to the steroids scandal in baseball. The paper moves on to describe and discuss the many medical effects that use of performance enhancing drugs might trigger. The paper concludes by discussing the appropriateness of anti-doping policy in general by analyzing and scrutinizing the general strands of arguments that are used to support bans on doping. While many rationales are rejected, a few are ultimately accepted and they justify the implementation of anti-doping policies

Comorbid Mental Disorders in Anxiety Disorders: Genetic Aspects of Bipolar Disorders and of Ethnicity

Anxiety disorder (AD) is commonly comorbid with other mental illness. It could be a state or trait, controversially. Evidence for an association between alcoholism and anxiety has emerged from clinical studies of patients with alcoholism, and those of patients with anxiety disorders. Alcohol dependence (or abuse) as well as bipolar disorder (BP) is usually comorbid with anxiety disorder and/or depressive disorder, which often coexist and are difficult to distinguish from one another. However, in Han Chinese population, the comorbidity rate either with alcoholism or bipolar disorder was not reported as much high as reported in Caucasians, this finding of comorbidity between anxiety/depressive disorders and alcohol dependence (or abuse) or/and bipolar disorders, possibly at the genetic level, makes the differentiation of their categorical diagnoses in the association study vitally important