SYSTEM, METHOD, AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCT FOR RECOMMENDING A SET OF ITEMS TO A USER

Systems, methods, and computer program products obtain training data and train a neural network based on the training data by concatenating a user identifier to each item of a first set of multiple items in a first set of fused embeddings, concatenating the user identifier to each item of a second set of multiple items in a second set of fused embeddings, determining a first score associated with the first set of multiple items based on the first set of fused embeddings, determining a second score associated with the second set of multiple items based on the second set of fused embeddings, and modifying, using an objective function of the neural network that depends on the first score, the second score, and a margin between the first score and the second score, one or more parameters of the neural network

Data from: Poison frog color morphs express assortative mate preferences in allopatry but not sympatry

The concurrent divergence of mating traits and preferences is necessary for the evolution of reproductive isolation via sexual selection, and such coevolution has been demonstrated in diverse lineages. However, the extent to which assortative mate preferences are sufficient to drive reproductive isolation in nature is less clear. Natural contact zones between lineages divergent in traits and preferences provide exceptional opportunities for testing the predicted evolutionary consequences of such divergence. The strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) displays extreme color polymorphism in and around the young Bocas del Toro archipelago. In a transition zone between red and blue allopatric lineages, we asked whether female preferences diverged along with coloration, and whether any divergent preferences persist in a zone of sympatry. When choosing among red, blue and phenotypically intermediate males, females from monomorphic red and monomorphic blue populations both expressed assortative preferences. However, red, blue, and intermediate females from the contact zone all preferred red males, suggesting that divergent preferences may be insufficient to effect behavioral isolation. Our results highlight the complexity of behavioral isolation, and the need for studies that can reveal the circumstances under which divergent preferences do and do not contribute to speciation

MateChoice

The compressed folder contained an R markdown file (MateChoice_for archive.rmd) with codes for all analyses and figures, and the two data sets that would be read into R when performing analyses

Data from: Mate choice vs mate preference: inferences about color assortative mating differ between field and lab assays of poison frog behavior

Co-divergence of mating traits and mate preferences can lead to behavioral isolation among lineages in early stages of speciation. However, mate preferences only limit gene flow when expressed as mate choice, and numerous factors might be more important than preferences in nature. In the extremely color polytypic strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio), female mate preferences have co-diverged with color in most allopatric populations tested. Whether these lab-assayed preferences predict mating (gene flow) in the wild remains unclear. We observed courting pairs in a natural contact zone between red and blue lineages until oviposition or courtship termination. We found color-assortative mating in a disturbed habitat with high population density, but not in a secondary forest with lower density. Our results suggest color-assortative O. pumilio mate choice in the wild, but also mating patterns that do not match those predicted by lab-assayed preferences

DB Lab Mate Choice

Mate choice behavioral assay done in the lab

Yang_JEB_ESM_StatAnalysis

R markdown document (.Rmd) of all analyses described in the manuscript. Necessary descriptions of the variables and statistical details are included in the comment