Modified Kedem-Katchalsky equations for osmosis through nano-pore

This work presents a modified Kedem-Katchalsky equations for osmosis through nano-pore. osmotic reflection coefficient of a solute was found to be chiefly affected by the entrance of the pore while filtration reflection coefficient can be affected by both the entrance and the internal structure of the pore. Using an analytical method, we get the quantitative relationship between osmotic reflection coefficient and the molecule size. The model is verified by comparing the theoretical results with the reported experimental data of aquaporin osmosis. Our work is expected to pave the way for a better understanding of osmosis in bio-system and to give us new ideas in designing new membranes with better performance.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figure

Finding and Editing Multi-Modal Neurons in Pre-Trained Transformer

Multi-modal large language models (LLM) have achieved powerful capabilities for visual semantic understanding in recent years. However, little is known about how LLMs comprehend visual information and interpret different modalities of features. In this paper, we propose a new method for identifying multi-modal neurons in transformer-based multi-modal LLMs. Through a series of experiments, We highlight three critical properties of multi-modal neurons by four well-designed quantitative evaluation metrics. Furthermore, we introduce a knowledge editing method based on the identified multi-modal neurons, for modifying a specific token to another designative token. We hope our findings can inspire further explanatory researches on understanding mechanisms of multi-modal LLMs