National Farmers Union Property and Casualty Company v. Wesern Casualty and Surety Company : Brief of Respondent

Appeal from a Judgment of the District Court of Salt Lake County Honorable Dean E. Conder, Judg

High performance scalable data center and computer network architectures based on distributed fast optical switches

Building practical high performance optical data center network

HiFOST:A scalable and low-latency hybrid data center network architecture based on flow-controlled fast optical switches

\u3cp\u3eTo solve the bandwidth and latency issues in current hierarchical data center network (DCN) architectures based on electrical switches, we propose a novel hybridDCNarchitecture based on distributed flow-controlled fast optical switches (FOS) and modified top-of-the-rack (TOR) switches (HiFOST). The intra-cluster interconnection of HiFOST is built by FOS with wavelength switching in nanoseconds' time for an efficient statistical multiplexing operation, while the inter-cluster interconnection is connected by the TOR interfaces directly. Due to the lack of practical optical buffers, optical flow control is implemented to retransmit packets in case of contention. We investigate the performance of HiFOST DCN with different TOR buffer sizes, optical link capacities, elastic allocation of transceivers, and network scales under realistic data center (DC) traffic. The results show an average serverto- server latency of less than 2.8 μs, a packet loss <5.6 × 10\u3csup\u3e-6\u3c/sup\u3e at load of 0.5 for a DC size of 94,080 servers with limited 50 KB TOR buffer. In addition, for scaling out the servers' number and scaling up the data rate of connected servers, the cost and power consumption of the HiFOST DCN have been investigated and compared with the electrical Fat-Tree and Leaf-Spine DCN architectures, as well as with the optical H-LION and OPSquare DCN architectures. Results indicate that, for 94,080 servers operating at 10 Gb/s, HiFOST has a 48.2% and 34.1% savings of the cost and 46.3% and 32.5% savings of the power consumption with respect to the Fat-Tree and Leaf-Spine, respectively. For a HiFOST DCN supporting a 10880 server, scaling up the operating data rate of the server to 100 Gb/s, the HiFOST solution has a cost savings of 35.6% and 34.1% and power consumption of 56.5% and 59.2% as compared to the Fat-Tree and Leaf-Spine, respectively.\u3c/p\u3

A novel scalable and low latency hybrid data center network architecture based on flow controlled fast optical switches

\u3cp\u3eWe present a novel hybrid DCN based on flow-controlled fast optical switches. Results show packet loss <1.4E-5 and latency <2.4μs for 100,000 servers (0.3 load). Costs and power consumptions are also compared with current technologies.\u3c/p\u3

OPSquare:towards petabit/s optical data center networks based on fast WDM cross-connect switches and optical flow control

\u3cp\u3eOPSquare is an optical DCN architecture that potentially addresses the DCN scaling issues by employing parallel intra- and inter-cluster switching networks based on distributed fast WDM optical cross-connect switches and a novel top-of-rack switch architecture.\u3c/p\u3

OPSquare:towards petabit/s optical data center networks based on WDM cross-connect switches with flow control

\u3cp\u3eScaling the capacity while maintaining low latency and power consumption is a challenge for hierarchical data center networks (DCNs) based on electrical switches. In this work we present a novel optical DCN architecture called OPSquare that potentially addresses the scaling issues by employing parallel intra- and inter-cluster switching networks based on distributed fast WDM optical cross-connect (OXC) switches and a novel top-of-rack (ToR) switch architecture. The WDM OXC switches with nanoseconds reconfiguration time allow flexible switching capability in both wavelength and time domains and statistical multiplexing. Packet loss, latency, throughput, multi-path dynamic switching with flow control operation, and scalability will be discussed and experimentally evaluation by employing a 4×4 OXC prototypes. The potential of switching higher-order modulation and waveband signals further proves the suitability of OPSquare architecture for Petabit/s and low-latency DCN by using optical switches with moderate radix.\u3c/p\u3

Towards petabit/s all-optical flat data center networks based on WDM optical cross-connect switches with flow control

Scaling the capacity while maintaining low latency and power consumption is a challenge for hierarchical data center networks (DCNs) based on electrical switches. In this work we present a novel all-optical flat DCN architecture OPSquare that potentially addresses the scaling issues by employing parallel intra-/inter-cluster switching networks, distributed fast WDM optical cross-connect (OXC) switches, and a novel top-of-rack (ToR) switch architecture. The fast (nanoseconds) WDM OXC switches allow flexible switching capability in both wavelength and time domains and statistical multiplexing. The OPSquare DCN performance targeting Petabit/s capacity has been thoroughly assessed. First the packet loss, latency, throughput, and scalability are numerically investigated under realistic data center traffic model. Results indicate that when scaling the DCN size up to 1024 ToR switches, a packet loss ratio below 10-6 and a server end-to-end latency lower than 2 μs can be guaranteed at load of 0.3 with limited 20 kB buffer. Then, the experimental evaluation of the DCN by employing 4 × 4 OXC prototypes shows multi-path dynamic switching with flow control operation. The case deploying 32 × 32 and 64 × 64 OXC switches connecting 1024 and 4096 ToRs are emulated and limited performance degradation has been observed. The potential of switching higher-order modulation and waveband signals further proves the suitability of OPSquare architecture for Petabit/s and low-latency DCN by using optical switches with moderate radix

Flexibility assessment of the reconfigurable OPSquare for virtualized data center networks under realistic traffics

\u3cp\u3e Resources allocation of the reconfigurable OPSquare data center to support multi-tenant virtual networks are assessed under realistic traffics. End-to-end latency < 2μ s and packet loss <10 \u3csup\u3e-4\u3c/sup\u3e are guaranteed for different traffic patterns by elastically configuring the WDM transmitters and optical switches. \u3c/p\u3

Performance assessment of metro networks based on fast optical add-drop multiplexers under 5G traffic applications

\u3cp\u3eWe numerically assess the performance of metro networks based on Fast Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers (FOADM) nodes under modelled traffics of multiple 5G applications. Simulation results show a packet loss < 1 E-5 with <400us latency for a network load of 0.5.\u3c/p\u3