Stability of reference gene expression under abiotic conditions.

<p>Stability of reference gene expression under abiotic conditions.</p

Pairwise variation (V) analysis of the candidate reference genes.

<p>The <i>geNorm</i> first calculates an expression stability value (M) for each gene and then compares the pair-wise variation (V) of this gene with the others. A threshold of V<0.15 was suggested for valid normalization. Starting with two genes, the software sequentially adds another gene and recalculates the normalization factor ratio. If the added gene does not increase the normalization factor ratio above the proposed 0.15 cut-off value, then the original pair of genes is enough for normalization. However, if the new ratio is above 0.15, then more genes should be included [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0125868#pone.0125868.ref001" target="_blank">1</a>].</p

Stability of reference gene expression under biotic conditions.

<p>Stability of reference gene expression under biotic conditions.</p

Primers used for RT-qPCR.

<p>Primers used for RT-qPCR.</p

Stability of candidate reference genes expression under different treatment according to their stability value by <i>RefFinder</i>.

<p>A lower <i>Geomean</i> value indicates more stable expression.</p

Expression profiles of the seven candidate reference genes in all six experiments in <i>Hippodamia convergens</i>.

<p>The dot indicates the maximum or minimum value of replicated samples, while whiskers indicate the standard error of the mean.</p

Micro-selection and Macro-orientation Strategy Enables High-Areal-Capacity Magnesium Metal Anode

Developing magnesium (Mg) metal electrodes for extended cycling at practical areal capacities is crucial for the commercialization of Mg battery commercialization. However, a higher areal-capacity operation requires greater Mg nucleation ability, which is further complicated by the fact that Mg faces a higher desolvation barrier than Li. This study investigates the correlation between the operated areal capacity and a short circuit. Accelerated lifespan degradation (670 to 15 h) occurs with increased areal capacity due to a short circuit from uneven Mg plating. Using insights, a micro-selection and macro-orientation strategy inspired by glass fiber-MXene (GF-MXene) substrate is developed for controlling Mg plating/stripping at high areal capacity. Synchronous morphological analysis reveals selective Mg plating on microscale MXene sheets and oriented plating/stripping in the macroscopic substrate greatly mitigates short circuiting, delivering high Coulombic efficiency (∼99.4%) for 700 h under 2.5 mAh cm–2 and extended cycle life (340 h) at 5 mAh cm–2, providing practical possibilities for Mg metal anodes applications

Micro-selection and Macro-orientation Strategy Enables High-Areal-Capacity Magnesium Metal Anode

Developing magnesium (Mg) metal electrodes for extended cycling at practical areal capacities is crucial for the commercialization of Mg battery commercialization. However, a higher areal-capacity operation requires greater Mg nucleation ability, which is further complicated by the fact that Mg faces a higher desolvation barrier than Li. This study investigates the correlation between the operated areal capacity and a short circuit. Accelerated lifespan degradation (670 to 15 h) occurs with increased areal capacity due to a short circuit from uneven Mg plating. Using insights, a micro-selection and macro-orientation strategy inspired by glass fiber-MXene (GF-MXene) substrate is developed for controlling Mg plating/stripping at high areal capacity. Synchronous morphological analysis reveals selective Mg plating on microscale MXene sheets and oriented plating/stripping in the macroscopic substrate greatly mitigates short circuiting, delivering high Coulombic efficiency (∼99.4%) for 700 h under 2.5 mAh cm–2 and extended cycle life (340 h) at 5 mAh cm–2, providing practical possibilities for Mg metal anodes applications

Our BEPM scheme used in CAS.

<p>Our BEPM scheme used in CAS.</p

The work procedures of CAS.

<p>The work procedures of CAS.</p