The web interface of CRDB.

<p>A) Snapshot of the CRDB home page. B) Result of phylogenetic tree of primate T1R genes.</p

Composition and diversity of rhizosphere fungal community in <i>Coptis chinensis</i> Franch. continuous cropping fields

<div><p>In this study, effects of continuous cropping on soil properties, enzyme activities, and relative abundance, community composition and diversity of fungal taxa were investigated. Rhizosphere soil from field continuously cropped for one-year, three-year and five-year by <i>Coptis chinensis</i> Franch. was collected and analyzed. Illumina high-throughput sequencing analysis showed that continuous cropping of <i>C</i>. <i>chinensis</i> resulted in a significant and continuous decline in the richness and diversity of soil fungal population. Ascomycota, Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, and Glomeromycota were the dominant phyla of fungi detected in rhizosphere soil. Fungal genera such as <i>Phoma</i>, <i>Volutella</i>, <i>Pachycudonia</i>, <i>Heterodermia</i>, <i>Gibberella</i>, <i>Cladosporium</i>, <i>Trichocladium</i>, and <i>Sporothri</i>x, were more dominant in continuously cropped samples for three-year and five-year compared to that for one-year. By contrast, genera, such as <i>Zygosaccharomyces</i>, <i>Pseudotaeniolina</i>, <i>Hydnum</i>, <i>Umbelopsis</i>, <i>Humicola</i>, <i>Crustoderma</i>, <i>Psilocybe</i>, <i>Coralloidiomyces</i>, <i>Mortierella</i>, <i>Polyporus</i>, <i>Pyrenula</i>, and <i>Monographella</i> showed higher relative abundance in one-year samples than that in three-year and five-year samples. Cluster analysis of the fungal communities from three samples of rhizosphere soil from <i>C</i>. <i>chinensis</i> field revealed that the fungal community composition, diversity, and structure were significantly affected by the continuous cropping. Continuous cropping of <i>C</i>. <i>chinensis</i> also led to significant declines in soil pH, urease, and catalase activities. Redundancy analysis showed that the soil pH had the most significant effect on soil fungal population under continuous cropping of <i>C</i>. <i>chinensis</i>.</p></div

Number of chemosensory receptor genes in vertebrates.

<p>The numbers of each bar represent the number of functional (intact) and pseudogenes of OR, TAAR, V1R, V2R, T1R and T2R genes. The blue and orange bars represent the number of functional genes and pseudogenes, respectively.</p

Distribution of the 35 most abundant fungal genera among the three <i>C</i>. <i>chinensis</i> rhizosphere soil samples.

<p>Samples are listed on the Y-axis and fungi species on the X-axis. For the heat map, the left side of the cluster tree is the species cluster tree and the above cluster tree is a sample cluster tree. The mediate heat map represents the Z value of each line, which was calculated as the difference in the average relative abundances of fungi genera from all samples divided by their standard deviations.</p

Rhizosphere soil fungi alpha diversity indices.

<p>Rhizosphere soil fungi alpha diversity indices.</p

Rarefaction curves and Venn diagram.

<p>a. Rarefaction curves for three samples at an OTU threshold of 97% sequence similarity; b. Venn diagram for the three collected rhizosphere samples of soil under continuous cropping of <i>C</i>. <i>chinensis</i>.</p

Redundancy analysis of the effects of soil properties and the fungal community on the genus.

<p>pH: pH value; OM: soil organic matter; AN: alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen; AK: available potassium; AP: available phosphorus.</p

Physiochemical characteristics of rhizosphere soil under <i>C</i>. <i>chinensis</i> continuous cropping.

<p>Physiochemical characteristics of rhizosphere soil under <i>C</i>. <i>chinensis</i> continuous cropping.</p

Enzyme activities of rhizosphere soil.

<p>Enzyme activities of rhizosphere soil.</p

Composition of the different fungal phyla in different continuously cropped soil samples.

<p>“Others” represents the sum of the relative abundances of all phyla except the 6 listed.</p