Low-complexity three-dimensional AOA-cross geometric center localization methods via multi-UAV network

The angle of arrival (AOA) is widely used to locate a wireless signal emitter in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) localization. Compared with received signal strength (RSS) and time of arrival (TOA), AOA has higher accuracy and is not sensitive to the time synchronization of the distributed sensors. However, there are few works focusing on three-dimensional (3-D) scenarios. Furthermore, although the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) has a relatively high performance, its computational complexity is ultra-high. Therefore, it is hard to employ it in practical applications. This paper proposed two center of inscribed sphere-based methods for 3-D AOA positioning via multiple UAVs. The first method could estimate the source position and angle measurement noise at the same time by seeking the center of an inscribed sphere, called the CIS. Firstly, every sensor measures two angles, the azimuth angle and the elevation angle. Based on that, two planes are constructed. Then, the estimated values of the source position and the angle noise are achieved by seeking the center and radius of the corresponding inscribed sphere. Deleting the estimation of the radius, the second algorithm, called MSD-LS, is born. It is not able to estimate angle noise but has lower computational complexity. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that proposed methods could approach the Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB) and have lower complexity than the MLE

Analysis of Multi-Path Fading and the Doppler Effect for Reconfigurable-Intelligent-Surface-Assisted Wireless Networks

The randomness property of wireless channels restricts the improvement of their performance in wireless networks. As a novel solution for overcoming this, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) was introduced to reshape wireless physical environments. Initially, the multi-path and Doppler effects are discussed in a case in which a reflector was considered to reflect the incident signal for wireless communication. Subsequently, the results for the transmission signal were analyzed when a reflector was coated with an RIS. Specifically, the multi-path fading stemming from the movement of the mobile transmitter was eliminated or mitigated by utilizing an RIS. Meanwhile, the Doppler effect was also reduced to restrain the rapid fluctuations in the transmission signal by using a tunable RIS in real time. The simulation results demonstrate that the magnitude and spectrum of the received signal can be regulated by an RIS. The multi-path fading and Doppler effect can be effectively mitigated when the reflector is coated with an RIS in wireless networks

Spectrum Sharing with Vehicular Communication in Cognitive Small-Cell Networks

An increasing number of vehicles make spectrum resources face serious challenges in vehicular cognitive small-cell networks. The means of spectrum sharing can greatly alleviate this pressure. In this paper, we introduce a supermodular game theoretic approach to analyze the problem of spectrum sharing. The small-cell BS (primary service provider, PSP) and the vehicle (secondary service provider, SSP) can share the spectrum, where the PSP can sell idle spectrum resources to the SSP. This is taken as a spectrum trading market, and a Bertrand competition model is considered to depict this phenomenon. Different PSPs compete with each other to maximize their individual profits. The Bertrand competition model can be proved as a supermodular game, and the corresponding Nash equilibrium (NE) solution is provided as the optimal price solution. Hence, an improved genetic simulated annealing algorithm is designed to achieve NE. Simulation results demonstrate that the NE point for the price of the primary service provider exists. The change of the exogenous variable is also analyzed on the equilibrium point

Real-Time Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.11p EDCA Mechanism for IoV in a Highway Environment

With the development of 5G, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) evolves to be one important component of the Internet of Things (IoT), where vehicles and public infrastructure communicate with each other through a IEEE 802.11p EDCA mechanism to support four access categories (ACs) to access a channel. Due to the mobility of the vehicles, the network topology is time varying and thus incurs a dynamic network performance. There are many works on the stationary performance of 802.11p EDCA and some on real-time performance, but existing work does not consider real-time performance under extreme highway scenario. In this paper, we consider four ACs defined in the 802.11p EDCA mechanism to evaluate the limit of the real-time network performance in an extreme highway scenario, i.e., all vehicles keep the minimum safety distance between each other. The performance of the model has been demonstrated through simulations. It is found that some ACs can meet real-time requirements while others cannot in the extreme scenario

Analysis and Design of Functional Device for Vehicular Cloud Computing

Relay technology application becomes prevalent nowadays, as it can effectively extend the communication distance, especially for vehicular networks with a limited communication range. Combined with vehicular cloud (VC), transmission efficiency can be improved by offloading partial data. Hence, designing a vehicle relay algorithm and implementation embedded vehicle device is critical. In this paper, VC is considered to deal with the complexity computation in our proposed system model. Without a loss of generality, an end-to-end vehicle communication with one assisted vehicle is analyzed firstly on a transmission link based on VC. Here, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on the receiving end and link outage probability is obtained to enhance the link reliability. The VC computing helps us further simplify computational complexity. Subsequently, an embedded vehicle-enabled device is designed to achieve the optimal path relay selection in realistic vehicular environments. In the functional device framework, we display an optimal path relay selection algorithm according to the link quality. Finally, the performance of the transmission link on the outage probability related with SNR is verified in the simulation results. Meanwhile, the effect of the relay gain is also analyzed. The application of a vehicle-enabled embedded device could improve the performance of vehicular networks

Transmission Policies for Energy Harvesting Sensors Based on Markov Chain Energy Supply

Due to the small energy harvesting rates and stochastic energy harvesting processes, energy management of energy harvesting senor is still crucial for body network. Transmission polices for energy harvesting sensors with Markov chain energy supply over time varying channels is formulated as an infinite discounted reward Markov Decision Problem under the assumption of geometric distribution of sensors’ lifetime. In this paper, we firstly propose a low-storage transmission policy based on probability of successful transmission for body network. Then we narrow the feasible region of parameters in our policies from the real domain to a discrete set with limited number, which makes the method of combing optimal equations and enumeration algorithm to obtain optimal parameters workable. Finally, numerical results show that our presented transmission policies can achieve a good approximated performance of optimal policies, which can be derived by policy iteration algorithm. Compared with the optimal policies, our presented policies has the advantage of low storage

Efficient Task Offloading for 802.11p-Based Cloud-Aware Mobile Fog Computing System in Vehicular Networks

Various emerging vehicular applications such as autonomous driving and safety early warning are used to improve the traffic safety and ensure passenger comfort. The completion of these applications necessitates significant computational resources to perform enormous latency-sensitive/nonlatency-sensitive and computation-intensive tasks. It is hard for vehicles to satisfy the computation requirements of these applications due to the limit computational capability of the on-board computer. To solve the problem, many works have proposed some efficient task offloading schemes in computing paradigms such as mobile fog computing (MFC) for the vehicular network. In the MFC, vehicles adopt the IEEE 802.11p protocol to transmit tasks. According to the IEEE 802.11p, tasks can be divided into high priority and low priority according to the delay requirements. However, no existing task offloading work takes into account the different priorities of tasks transmitted by different access categories (ACs) of IEEE 802.11p. In this paper, we propose an efficient task offloading strategy to maximize the long-term expected system reward in terms of reducing the executing time of tasks. Specifically, we jointly consider the impact of priorities of tasks transmitted by different ACs, mobility of vehicles, and the arrival/departure of computing tasks, and then transform the offloading problem into a semi-Markov decision process (SMDP) model. Afterwards, we adopt the relative value iterative algorithm to solve the SMDP model to find the optimal task offloading strategy. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme by extensive experiments. Numerical results indicate that the proposed offloading strategy performs well compared to the greedy algorithm

Multiuser Transmit Precoding Design for Dimming Compatible Visible Light Communications

In multiuser visible light communication (VLC) systems, many transmit precoding (TPC) techniques have been investigated to suppress multiuser interference. However, these conventional works restrict their modulation to the special case of zero mean, which inherently limits their application to some popular modulations associated with the non-zero mean in VLC, such as pulse position modulation (PPM). Since the modulation with non-zero mean leads to more intricate optical power constraints and design objective functions than the case of zero mean, the TPC design that can support a general modulation is still an open problem. In the paper, we conceive of a general solution of the TPC scheme combined with dimming control for multiuser VLC systems, which is capable of mitigating multiuser interference, while at the same time, achieving the desired dimming level. The proposed scheme is applicable to a wide range of modulations in VLC, such as pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), PPM, and so on. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms the traditional pseudo-inverse-based zero-forcing TPC in terms of bit error rate (BER)