Measurement of nuclide cross-sections of spallation residues in 1 A GeV 238U + proton collisions

The production of heavy nuclides from the spallation-evaporation reaction of 238U induced by 1 GeV protons was studied in inverse kinematics. The evaporation residues from tungsten to uranium were identified in-flight in mass and atomic number. Their production cross-sections and their momentum distributions were determined. The data are compared with empirical systematics. A comparison with previous results from the spallation of 208Pb and 197Au reveals the strong influence of fission in the spallation of 238U.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, background information at http://www-wnt.gsi.de/kschmidt

Evaporation residues produced in spallation of 208Pb by protons at 500A MeV

The production cross sections of fragmentation-evaporation residues in the reaction Pb+p at 500A MeV have been measured using the inverse-kinematics method and the FRS spectrometer (GSI). Fragments were identified in nuclear charge using ionisation chambers. The mass identification was performed event-by-event using the B-rho - TOF - Delta-E technique. Although partially-unresolved ionic charge states induced an ambiguity on the mass of some heavy fragments, production rates could be obtained with a high accuracy by systematically accounting for the polluting ionic charge states. The contribution of multiple reactions in the target was subtracted using a new, partly self-consistent code. The isobaric distributions are found to have a shape very close to the one observed in experiments at higher energy. Kinematic properties of the fragments were also measured. The total and the isotopic cross sections, including charge-pickup cross sections, are in good agreement with previous measurements. The data are discussed in the light of previous spallation measurements, especially on lead at 1 GeV

Cross-sections of spallation residues produced in 1.A GeV 208Pb on proton reactions

Spallation residues produced in 1 GeV per nucleon $^{208}$Pb on proton reactions have been studied using the FRagment Separator facility at GSI. Isotopic produc- tion cross-sections of elements from $_{61}$Pm to $_{82}$Pb have been measured down to 0.1 mb with a high accuracy. The recoil kinetic energies of the produced fragments were also determined. The obtained cross-sections agree with most of the few existing gamma-spectroscopy data. Data are compared with different intra nuclear-cascade and evaporation-fission models. Drastic deviations were found for a standard code used in technical applications.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Lett. Revised version May 12, 200

Transmisja danych z elektronicznych przetworników prądowych na szynę procesową w standardzie IEC 61850

The IEC 61850 standard is used more and more commonly now in the implementation of new distribution stations or modernization of the existing ones. One of the major aspects in proper functioning of such systems is the measurement of basic electric quantities, such as current and voltage. The article features the description of a system for acquisition and transmission of instantaneous values of current with the use of coreless transformers. The major implementation issues of the system were presented, along with factors which may impact further improvement of the system technical parameters.W energetyce standard IEC 61850 jest coraz powszechniej stosowanym rozwiązaniem przy wdrożeniach nowych stacji rozdzielczych lub przy modernizacji stacji istniejących. Jednym z głównych aspektów poprawnego funkcjonowania tego typu systemów jest pomiar podstawowych wielkości elektrycznych, takich jak np. prąd i napięcie. W artykule dokonano opisu systemu akwizycji i przesyłania wartości chwilowych prądu wykorzystującego przekładniki bezrdzeniowe. Przedstawiono główne problemy implementacyjne systemu, a także wskazano czynniki, które mogą wpłynąć na dalszą poprawę jego parametrów technicznych