898 research outputs found
Ecosystem-based Management for Protected Species in the North Pacific Fisheries
In the North Pacific Ocean, an ecosystem-based fishery management approach has been adopted. A significant objective of this approach is to reduce interactions between fishery-related activities and protected species. We review management measures developed by the North Pacific Fishery Management Council and the National Marine Fisheries Service to reduce effects of the groundfish fisheries off Alaska on marine mammals and seabirds, while continuing to provide economic opportunities for fishery participants. Direct measures have been taken to mitigate known fishery impacts, and precautionary measures have been taken for species with potential (but no documented) interactions with the groundfish fisheries. Area closures limit disturbance to marine mammals at rookeries and haulouts, protect sensitive benthic habitat, and reduce potential competition for prey resources. Temporal and spatial dispersion of catches reduce the localized impact of fishery removals. Seabird avoidance measures have been implemented through collaboration with fishery participants and have been highly successful in reducing seabird bycatch. Finally, a comprehensive observer monitoring program provides data on the location and extent of bycatch of marine mammals and seabirds. These measures provide managers with the flexibility to adapt to changes in the status of protected species and evolving conditions in the fisheries. This review should be useful to fishery managers as an example of an ecosystem-based approach to protected species management that is adaptive and accounts for multiple objectives
On the Determination of and from Hadronic Two Body Decays
{}From Class I decays : B^o \ra \pi^+ ( \rho^+ ) + D^- ( {D^*}^- ), we
determine , and from Class III decays : B^+ \ra \pi^+ ( \rho^+ ) +
\ol{D}^o ( {\ol{D}^*}^o ), we determine an allowed domain in the plane. We find that within one standard deviation errors, the allowed band
of from Class I decays is at least three standard deviations removed from
the allowed domain from Class III decays.If we expand the
experimental errors to two standard deviations we do find a small intersection
between the band and the allowed domain. The results
usually quoted in the literature lie in this intersection. We suggest : (1) an
independent measurement of the branching ratio for the Class III decay, B^+
\ra \rho^+ \ol{D}^o , (2) a high-statistics measurement of the branching ratio
of the Class I decay, B \ra \ol{D} ( \ol{D}^* ) + D_s ( D_s^* ) in both
charged states, and (3) a measurement of the longitudinal polarization fraction
in the Class III decay B^+ \ra \rho^+ {\ol{D}^*}^o to shed more light on the
questions involved .Comment: 9pages(Latex)+4 figures(PS file appended), PAR/LPTHE/94-2
Implications of factorization for the determination of hadronic form factors in D_s^+ \ra \phi transition
Using factorization we determine the allowed domains of the ratios of form
factors, and , from the experimentally
measured ratio R_h \equiv \Gamma(D_s^+ \ra \phi \rho^+)/\Gamma(D_s^+ \ra \phi
\pi^+) assuming three different scenarios for the -dependence of the form
factors. We find that the allowed domains overlap with those obtained by using
the experimentally measured ratio R_{s\ell} = \Gamma(D^+_s \ra \phi \ell^+
\nu_{\ell})/\Gamma(D^+_s \ra \phi \pi^+) provided that the phenomenological
parameter is . Such a comparison presents a genuine test of
factorization. We calculate the longitudinal polarization fraction,
\Gamma_L/\Gamma \equiv \Gamma(D_s^+ \ra \phi_L \rho^+_L)/\Gamma(D_s^+ \ra \phi
\rho^+), in the three scenarios for the -dependence of the form factors
and emphasize the importance of measuring . Finally we
discuss the -distribution of the semileptonic decay and find that it is
rather insensitive to the scenarios for the -dependence of the form
factors, and unless very accurate data can be obtained it is unlikely to
discriminate between the different scenarios. Useful information on the value
of might be obtained by the magnitude of the -distribution near . However the most precise information on and would come from the
knowledge of the longitudinal and left-right transverse polarizations of the
final vector mesons in hadronic and/or semileptonic decays.Comment: Latex 10 pages( 4 figures), PAR/LPTHE/94-3
Decay
Motivated by the experimental measurement of the decay rate, , and
the longitudinal polarization, , in the Cabibbo favored decay , we have studied theoretical prediction within the context of
factorization approximation invoking several form factors models. We were able
to obtain agreement with experiment for both and by using
experimentally measured values of the form factors ,
and in the semi-leptonic decay . We have also included in our calculation the effect of the
final state interaction () by working with the partial waves amplitudes
, and . Numerical calculation shows that the decay amplitude is
dominated by wave, and that the polarization is sensitive to the
interference between and waves. The range of the phase difference
accommodated by experimental error in
is large.Comment: 7 pages, LaTe
Nonfactorization and the decays and
In six chosen scenarios for the dependence of the form factors involved
in transition, we have determined the allowed domain
of and from the experimentally measured
ratios and in a scheme that uses the value of the phenomenological parameter and includes nonfactorized
contribution. We find that the experimentally measured values of and
from semileptonic decays of favor solutions which have significant
nonfactorized contribution, and, in particular, favors solutions in
scenarios where is either flat or decreasing with .Comment: 15 pages, Latex, four figure (available on request)
Radiative Leptonic Decays of Heavy Mesons
We compute the photon spectrum and the rate for the decays These photonic modes constitute a potentially large background
for the purely leptonic decays which are used to extract the heavy meson decay
constants. While the rate for D\to l\n\g is small, the radiative decay in the
meson case could be of comparable magnitude or even larger than B\to\m\n.
This would affect the determination of if the channel cannot be
identified. We obtain theoretical estimates for the photonic rates and disscuss
their possible experimental implications.Comment: 12 pages, RevTex, 3 uuencoded figures include
Resonant Two-body D Decays
The contribution of a resonance to is
calculated by applying the soft pion theorem to , and is
found to be about 30% of the measured amplitude and to be larger than the
component of this amplitude. We estimate a 70% contribution to
the total amplitude from a higher resonance. This implies large
deviations from factorization in D decay amplitudes, a lifetime difference
between D^0 and D^+, and an enhancement of mixing due to SU(3)
breaking.Comment: To be published in Physical Review Letters, some corrections,
references update
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