Libéralisation des échanges pour des produits environnementalement préférables (EPPs) : un exemple avec l’importation de produits bio vs. classiques

International audienceLors de la 4e Conférence ministérielle à Doha, les membres de l’OMC ont accepté de négocier la réduction de barrières tarifaires et non-tarifaires pour les Biens et Services Environnementaux (EGS). Plusieurs pays, soutenus par l’UNCTAD, ont suggéré que la notion d’EGS ne devrait pas se limiter à des technologies propres ou de remédiation – biens et services industriels fournis par les pays du Nord et qui bénéficient déjà de droits de douane relativement faibles ; et que les pays du Sud pourraient également être gagnants pourvu que la définition d’EGS soit étendue aux biens produits avec des processus environnementalement préférables (EPPs), notamment les produits issus de l’agriculture biologique ou le bois issu de forêts gérées de manière durable. Ceci soulève la question de la nature et de la distribution des gains en bien-être attendus d’une libéralisation préférentielle pour des produits « verts ». L’objectif de ce document est de comparer les effets d’une libéralisation préférentielle pour des EPPs à une baisse indifférenciée des tarifs dans le cadre de l’OMC. Les auteurs utilisent un modèle simple où la technologie verte consiste en une limitation sur l’usage d’un input polluant, et où les consommateurs du Nord valorisent davantage les produits bio. Une réduction préférentielle des droits de douane augmente le welfare, mais ce gain est toujours inférieur à celui permis par une libéralisation non spécifique. Finalement ils étudient des dimensions non-tarifaires (coûts de certification et problèmes de reconnaissance mutuelle des certifications) qui sont susceptibles de limiter encore les gains attendus d’une libéralisation des EPPs

GGDC Global Value Chain (WIOD)

The World Input-Output databases (WIOD) on global value chains and international trade flows. With increasing globalisation, production processes are increasingly becoming fragmented across borders. This fundamentally changes the nature of international trade with deep consequences for the location of production. The databases provide the opportunity to analyse the consequences of this international fragmentation of production. For example, it allows us to assess the shifting patterns in demand for skills in labour markets, or for local emissions of air pollutants. Further related research is highlighted for each of the databases. Releases: 2013 and 201

GGDC Global Value Chain (WIOD)

The World Input-Output databases (WIOD) on global value chains and international trade flows. With increasing globalisation, production processes are increasingly becoming fragmented across borders. This fundamentally changes the nature of international trade with deep consequences for the location of production. The databases provide the opportunity to analyse the consequences of this international fragmentation of production. For example, it allows us to assess the shifting patterns in demand for skills in labour markets, or for local emissions of air pollutants. Further related research is highlighted for each of the databases. Releases: 2013 and 201

GGDC Global Value Chain (WIOD)

The World Input-Output databases (WIOD) on global value chains and international trade flows. With increasing globalisation, production processes are increasingly becoming fragmented across borders. This fundamentally changes the nature of international trade with deep consequences for the location of production. The databases provide the opportunity to analyse the consequences of this international fragmentation of production. For example, it allows us to assess the shifting patterns in demand for skills in labour markets, or for local emissions of air pollutants. Further related research is highlighted for each of the databases. Releases: 2013 and 201

GGDC Global Value Chain (WIOD)

The World Input-Output databases (WIOD) on global value chains and international trade flows. With increasing globalisation, production processes are increasingly becoming fragmented across borders. This fundamentally changes the nature of international trade with deep consequences for the location of production. The databases provide the opportunity to analyse the consequences of this international fragmentation of production. For example, it allows us to assess the shifting patterns in demand for skills in labour markets, or for local emissions of air pollutants. Further related research is highlighted for each of the databases. Releases: 2013 and 201

GGDC Global Value Chain (WIOD)

The World Input-Output databases (WIOD) on global value chains and international trade flows. With increasing globalisation, production processes are increasingly becoming fragmented across borders. This fundamentally changes the nature of international trade with deep consequences for the location of production. The databases provide the opportunity to analyse the consequences of this international fragmentation of production. For example, it allows us to assess the shifting patterns in demand for skills in labour markets, or for local emissions of air pollutants. Further related research is highlighted for each of the databases. Releases: 2013 and 201

GGDC Global Value Chain (WIOD)

The World Input-Output databases (WIOD) on global value chains and international trade flows. With increasing globalisation, production processes are increasingly becoming fragmented across borders. This fundamentally changes the nature of international trade with deep consequences for the location of production. The databases provide the opportunity to analyse the consequences of this international fragmentation of production. For example, it allows us to assess the shifting patterns in demand for skills in labour markets, or for local emissions of air pollutants. Further related research is highlighted for each of the databases. Releases: 2013 and 201

EU KLEMS

Productivity in the European Union: A Comparative Industry Approach (EU KLEMS, 2003) This project aims to create a database on measures of economic growth, productivity, employment creation, capital formation and technological change at the industry level for all European Union member states from 1970 onwards. This work will provide an important input to policy evaluation, in particular for the assessment of the goals concerning competitiveness and economic growth potential as established by the Lisbon and Barcelona summit goals. The database should facilitate the sustainable production of high quality statistics using the methodologies of national accounts and input-output analysis. The input measures will include various categories of capital, labour, energy, material and service inputs. Productivity measures will be developed, in particular with growth accounting techniques. Several measures on knowledge creation will also be constructed. Substantial methodological and data research on these measures will be carried out to improve international comparability. There will be ample attention for the development of a flexible database structure, and for the progressive implementation of the database in official statistics over the course of the project. The database will be used for analytical and policy-related purposes, in particular by studying the relationship between skill formation, technological progress and innovation on the one hand, and productivity, on the other. To facilitate this type of analysis a link will also be sought with existing micro (firm level) databases. The balance in academic, statistical and policy input in this project is realised by the participation of 15 organisations from across the EU, representing a mix of academic institutions and national economic policy research institutes and with the support from various statistical offices and the OECD. This project is funded by the European Commission, Research Directorate General as part of the 6th Framework Programme, Priority 8, "Policy Support and Anticipating Scientific and Technological Needs". The 2017 update of the EU KLEMS database has been funded by the European Commission under the service contract ECFIN-163-2015/SI2.716986 for the 'Provision of updated EU KLEMS-type data for growth and productivity analysis'. Any errors or omissions are entirely the responsibility of The Conference Board. For comments and suggestions please send an email to [email protected]

EU KLEMS

Productivity in the European Union: A Comparative Industry Approach (EU KLEMS, 2003) This project aims to create a database on measures of economic growth, productivity, employment creation, capital formation and technological change at the industry level for all European Union member states from 1970 onwards. This work will provide an important input to policy evaluation, in particular for the assessment of the goals concerning competitiveness and economic growth potential as established by the Lisbon and Barcelona summit goals. The database should facilitate the sustainable production of high quality statistics using the methodologies of national accounts and input-output analysis. The input measures will include various categories of capital, labour, energy, material and service inputs. Productivity measures will be developed, in particular with growth accounting techniques. Several measures on knowledge creation will also be constructed. Substantial methodological and data research on these measures will be carried out to improve international comparability. There will be ample attention for the development of a flexible database structure, and for the progressive implementation of the database in official statistics over the course of the project. The database will be used for analytical and policy-related purposes, in particular by studying the relationship between skill formation, technological progress and innovation on the one hand, and productivity, on the other. To facilitate this type of analysis a link will also be sought with existing micro (firm level) databases. The balance in academic, statistical and policy input in this project is realised by the participation of 15 organisations from across the EU, representing a mix of academic institutions and national economic policy research institutes and with the support from various statistical offices and the OECD. This project is funded by the European Commission, Research Directorate General as part of the 6th Framework Programme, Priority 8, "Policy Support and Anticipating Scientific and Technological Needs". The 2017 update of the EU KLEMS database has been funded by the European Commission under the service contract ECFIN-163-2015/SI2.716986 for the 'Provision of updated EU KLEMS-type data for growth and productivity analysis'. Any errors or omissions are entirely the responsibility of The Conference Board. For comments and suggestions please send an email to [email protected]

EU KLEMS

Productivity in the European Union: A Comparative Industry Approach (EU KLEMS, 2003) This project aims to create a database on measures of economic growth, productivity, employment creation, capital formation and technological change at the industry level for all European Union member states from 1970 onwards. This work will provide an important input to policy evaluation, in particular for the assessment of the goals concerning competitiveness and economic growth potential as established by the Lisbon and Barcelona summit goals. The database should facilitate the sustainable production of high quality statistics using the methodologies of national accounts and input-output analysis. The input measures will include various categories of capital, labour, energy, material and service inputs. Productivity measures will be developed, in particular with growth accounting techniques. Several measures on knowledge creation will also be constructed. Substantial methodological and data research on these measures will be carried out to improve international comparability. There will be ample attention for the development of a flexible database structure, and for the progressive implementation of the database in official statistics over the course of the project. The database will be used for analytical and policy-related purposes, in particular by studying the relationship between skill formation, technological progress and innovation on the one hand, and productivity, on the other. To facilitate this type of analysis a link will also be sought with existing micro (firm level) databases. The balance in academic, statistical and policy input in this project is realised by the participation of 15 organisations from across the EU, representing a mix of academic institutions and national economic policy research institutes and with the support from various statistical offices and the OECD. This project is funded by the European Commission, Research Directorate General as part of the 6th Framework Programme, Priority 8, "Policy Support and Anticipating Scientific and Technological Needs". The 2017 update of the EU KLEMS database has been funded by the European Commission under the service contract ECFIN-163-2015/SI2.716986 for the 'Provision of updated EU KLEMS-type data for growth and productivity analysis'. Any errors or omissions are entirely the responsibility of The Conference Board. For comments and suggestions please send an email to [email protected]