Reply to [arXiv:1105.5147] "Are GRB 090423 and Similar Bursts due to Superconducting Cosmic Strings?"

The GRB outflow driven by superconducting cosmic strings is likely to be an arc rather than a usually-considered spherical cap. In such a case, the afterglows of the cosmic string GRBs could be basically consistent with the observation of the high-redshift GRBs.Comment: 2 pages, 1 figure, to appear in Phys. Rev. Let

Pain and Suffering Damages in Wrongful Death Cases: An Empirical Study

Most jurisdictions in the United States award pain and suffering damages to spouses of victims in wrongful death cases. In several East Asian countries, spouses, parents, and children of the victim can all demand pain and suffering damages. Despite the prevalence of this type of damages, and the oft‐enormous amount of compensation, there has been no large‐scale empirical study on how judges achieve the difficult task of assessing pain and suffering damages. Using a unique data set containing hundreds of car accident cases rendered by the court of first instance in Taiwan, with single‐equation and structural‐equation models, we find the plaintiffs\u27 ad damnum has a statistically significant influence on the court‐adjudicated pain and suffering damages. That could be evidence for the anchoring effect. Nevertheless, courts are very sensitive to the possibility of pushing defendants into financial hardship. When defendants\u27 out‐of‐pocket payments of pecuniary damages, divided by defendants\u27 income, are positive, this amount has a negative effect on the amount of pain and suffering damages, whereas when they are negative (this could happen because the amount of compulsory insurance payment had to be deducted), the amount in absolute value has a positive effect. Not all next‐of‐kin received the same amount. Spouses of the victim received more than other next‐of‐kin, and adult children received the least among eligible relatives. Parents, however, tended to be awarded a high amount of pain and suffering damages when they were the only familial group suing the defendant

Pain and Suffering Damages in Wrongful Death Cases: An Empirical Study

Most jurisdictions in the United States award pain and suffering damages to spouses of victims in wrongful death cases. In several East Asian countries, spouses, parents, and children of the victim can all demand pain and suffering damages. Despite the prevalence of this type of damages, and the oft‐enormous amount of compensation, there has been no large‐scale empirical study on how judges achieve the difficult task of assessing pain and suffering damages. Using a unique data set containing hundreds of car accident cases rendered by the court of first instance in Taiwan, with single‐equation and structural‐equation models, we find the plaintiffs\u27 ad damnum has a statistically significant influence on the court‐adjudicated pain and suffering damages. That could be evidence for the anchoring effect. Nevertheless, courts are very sensitive to the possibility of pushing defendants into financial hardship. When defendants\u27 out‐of‐pocket payments of pecuniary damages, divided by defendants\u27 income, are positive, this amount has a negative effect on the amount of pain and suffering damages, whereas when they are negative (this could happen because the amount of compulsory insurance payment had to be deducted), the amount in absolute value has a positive effect. Not all next‐of‐kin received the same amount. Spouses of the victim received more than other next‐of‐kin, and adult children received the least among eligible relatives. Parents, however, tended to be awarded a high amount of pain and suffering damages when they were the only familial group suing the defendant

Total Molecular Gas Masses of Planck - Herschel Selected Strongly Lensed Hyper Luminous Infrared Galaxies

We report the detection of CO(1 - 0) line emission from seven Planck and Herschel selected hyper luminous (LIR(8-1000um) > 10^13Lsun) infrared galaxies with the Green Bank Telescope (GBT). CO(1 - 0) measurements are a vital tool to trace the bulk molecular gas mass across all redshifts. Our results place tight constraints on the total gas content of these most apparently luminous high-z star-forming galaxies (apparent IR luminosities of LIR > 10^(13-14) Lsun), while we confirm their predetermined redshifts measured using the Large Millimeter Telescope, LMT (zCO = 1.33 - 3.26). The CO(1 - 0) lines show similar profiles as compared to Jup = 2 -4 transitions previously observed with the LMT. We report enhanced infrared to CO line luminosity ratios of = 110 (pm 22) Lsun(K km s^-1 pc^-2)^-1 compared to normal star-forming galaxies, yet similar to those of well-studied IR-luminous galaxies at high-z. We find average brightness temperature ratios of = 0.93 (2 sources), = 0.34 (5 sources), and = 0.18 (1 source). The r31 and r41 values are roughly half the average values for SMGs. We estimate the total gas mass content as uMH2 = (0.9 - 27.2) x 10^11(alphaCO/0.8)Msun, where u is the magnification factor and alphaCO is the CO line luminosity to molecular hydrogen gas mass conversion factor. The rapid gas depletion times are, on average, tau = 80 Myr, which reveal vigorous starburst activity, and contrast the Gyr depletion timescales observed in local, normal star-forming galaxies.Comment: published in MNRAS, 9pages, 5fig

Strong decays of Tcsˉ0(2900)++/0T_{c\bar s0}(2900)^{++/0} as a fully open-flavor tetraquark state

We have studied the strong decay properties of the recently observed $T^a_{c\bar s0}(2900)^{++/0}$ by considering it as a $cu\bar{d}\bar{s}/cd\bar{u}\bar{s}$ fully open-flavor tetraquark state with $I(J^P)=1(0^+)$. In the framework of QCD sum rules, we have calculated the three-point correlation functions of the two-body strong decay processes $T^a_{c\bar s0}(2900)^{++}\rightarrow D_s^+\pi^+$, $D^+K^+, D_s^{\ast +}\rho^+$ and $D_{s1}^+\pi^+$. The full width of $T^a_{c\bar s0}(2900)^{++/0}$ is obtained as $161.7\pm94.8$ MeV, which is consistent with the experimental observation. We predict the relative branching ratios as $\Gamma (T\rightarrow D_s\pi):\Gamma(T\rightarrow DK):\Gamma (T\rightarrow D_s^{\ast} \rho):\Gamma (T\rightarrow D_{s1}\pi)\approx1.00:1.10:0.04:0.43$, implying that the main decay modes of $T^a_{c\bar s0}(2900)^{++/0}$ state are $D_s\pi$ and $DK$ channels in our calculations. However, the $P$-wave decay mode $D_{s1}\pi$ is also comparable and important by including the uncertainties. To further identify the nature of $T^a_{c\bar s0}(2900)^{++/0}$, we suggest confirming them in the $DK$ and $D_{s}\pi$ final states, and measuring the above ratios in future experiments.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure

Entanglement control in one-dimensional s=1/2s=1/2 random XY spin chain

The entanglement in one-dimensional random XY spin systems where the impurities of exchange couplings and the external magnetic fields are considered as random variables is investigated by solving the different spin-spin correlation functions and the average magnetization per spin. The entanglement dynamics near particular locations of the system is also studied when the exchange couplings (or the external magnetic fields) satisfy three different distributions(the Gaussian distribution, double-Gaussian distribution, and bimodal distribution). We find that the entanglement can be controlled by varying the strength of external magnetic field and the different distributions of impurities. Moreover, the entanglement of some nearest-neighboring qubits can be increased for certain parameter values of the three different distributions.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figure

Linear-Optical Implementation of Perfect Discrimination between Single-bit Unitary Operations

Discrimination of unitary operations is a fundamental quantum information processing task. Assisted with linear optical elements, we experimentally demonstrate perfect discrimination between single-bit unitary operations using two methods--sequential scheme and parallel scheme. The complexity and resource consumed in these two schemes are analyzed and compared.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure

Optical and transport properties in doped two-leg ladder antiferromagnet

Within the t-J model, the optical and transport properties of the doped two-leg ladder antiferromagnet are studied based on the fermion-spin theory. It is shown that the optical and transport properties of the doped two-leg ladder antiferromagnet are mainly governed by the holon scattering. The low energy peak in the optical conductivity is located at a finite energy, while the resistivity exhibits a crossover from the high temperature metallic-like behavior to the low temperature insulating-like behavior, which are consistent with the experiments.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. B65 (2002) (April 15 issue

Centrality dependence of pTp_{T} spectra for identified hadrons in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at sNN=200\sqrt{s_{NN}}= 200 GeV

The centrality dependence of transverse momentum spectra for identified hadrons at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}= 200$ GeV is systematically studied in a quark combination model. The $\mathrm{{p}_{T}}$ spectra of $\pi^{\pm}$, $K^{\pm}$, $p(\bar{p})$ and $\Lambda(\bar{\Lambda})$ in different centrality bins and the nuclear modification factors ($R_{CP}$) for these hadrons are calculated. The centrality dependence of the average collective transverse velocity $$ for the hot and dense quark matter is obtained in Au+Au collisions, and it is applied to a relative smaller Cu+Cu collision system. The centrality dependence of $\mathrm{{p}_{T}}$ spectra and the $R_{CP}$ for $\pi^{0}$, $K_{s}^{0}$ and $\Lambda$ in Cu+Cu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}= 200$ GeV are well described. The results show that $<\beta (r)>$ is only a function of the number of participants $N_{part}$ and it is independent of the collision system.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure