Phytochemical Screening and Prophylactic Antibacterial Effects of Andrographis Paniculata Extracts from Kemaman, Malaysia

Higher plants, as source of medicinal compounds, have continue to play a significant role in the maintenance of health for centuries, especially in developing countries. Plant such as Andrographis paniculata extracts have been utilised for the treatment of many diseases including diarrhoea and upper respiratory tract infections. The aim of this study was to screen the phytochemical constituents and prophylactic antibacterial anti-bacterial effect of methanol, ethyl acetate, ethanol: water (1:1 v/v) and aqueous extracts on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus typhemorium, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli respectively. The highest zone of growth inhibition (14 and 10 mm) observed by ethyl acetate and methanol extacts at the lowest concentration of 0.625 mg/mL, against S.aureus ATCC 9144, respectively. The ethanol: water (1:1 v/v) and aqueous exhibited no activity against the tested pathogenes as compared with the standard ampicillin (2.9 mm) at lowest concentration. Both ethyl acetate and methanol extracts indicated a lower MIC value of 1.25, and 0.625 mg/mL respectively against gram-negative bacteria (E.coli), while higher MIC values of 2.5 mg/ml against gram-positive bacteria (S.aureus and S.typhii) was observed. The methanol and aqueous extracts showed lower MIC values of 0.625 mg/mL against E. coli (indicating better activity) than ethanol: water (1:1 v/v) against both gram -ve bacteria (S. epidermidis and E. coli). However, all the extracts have lower MIC values of 0.625 mg to 1.25 mg against gram -ve bacteria (S.epidermidis and E.coli). The result showed a better activity of the extracts against gram -ve bacteria, which are significantly important in causing common problems of bacterial infections in hospitals causing many diseases such as respiratory tract infections. Keywords: key words, Bacteria, minimum inhibitory concentration, zone of growth inhibition, Andrographis paniculat

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM LINN. FROM DIFFERENT LOCATIONS

Objective: The initial study was to screen the phytochemical content of methanol extract of M. malabathricum from seven different locations. The other objective was to evaluate the total phenolic content (TPC), Total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant potential and cytotoxic activity (on Hepatoma G2 cells) of these extracts and to determine the relationship between TPC and other parameters.Methods: The preliminary phytochemical screening for the presence of the secondary metabolite was carried out according to standard procedures. TheTPC,TFC and antioxidant activity were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminium chloride (colorimetric) methodand1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity respectively.Results: Qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of tannins, analkaloid, steroids, flavonoid, phenols, terpenoids and fixed oil but tested negative for the presence of glycoside and saponins. The samples were found to have high TPC and antioxidant activity. The Bachok Kelantan sample (L7) showed highest phenolic content (671.51±50.07 mg of GAE/g) as well as highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (80.81% and IC50 102 µg/ml). The highest cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells (IC50 1.4µg/ml) was shown by KualaTerengganu, Terengganu sample (L1). The Spearman correlation showed that, there is a strong positive correlation between TPC and antioxidant activity (r = 0.714) as well as strong negative correlation between MTT IC50 and TPC (R =-0.649) of M. malabathricum from different locations. Moreover, there is a weak positive correlation between TFC and antioxidant activity (R = 0.286, p= 0.535). Also, there is poor correlation between TFC and cytotoxicity (R =-0.216, p= 0.64).Conclusion: The phenolic compounds are associated with the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of M. malabathricum, whereas flavonoids are poorly and weakly associated with cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of M. malabathricum respectively. The total phenolic content, mean flavonoid content and mean antioxidant activity of M. malabathricum from different locations were significantly different across seven locations (p<0.05).Â