Self-help and rural development in Kenya

One of the main emphases of the Special Rural Development Programme in Kenya was supposed to be the involvement of local communities in economic development efforts. Self-help activity in the past has been strongly preoccupied with projects which absorb, rather than produce resources. In this paper the six S.R.D.P. areas are examined in terms of the intensity of socalled 'economic' or 'economy developing' self-help activity versus the 'social/domestic' or 'welfare' variety, and a comparison is made with selected non-S.R.D.P. areas. It is found that the preponderance of 'welfare' projects is as strong or stronger in the S.R.D.P. areas as elsewhere. Various means for promoting self-help along more economically productive lines are then discussed, along with the existing approaches and structures, and some alternatives are suggested

Narrow Line Cooling: Finite Photon Recoil Dynamics

We present an extensive study of the unique thermal and mechanical dynamics for narrow-line cooling on the 1S0 - 3P1 88Sr transition. For negative detuning, trap dynamics reveal a transition from the semiclassical regime to the photon-recoil-dominated quantum regime, yielding an absolute minima in the equilibrium temperature below the single-photon recoil limit. For positive detuning, the cloud divides into discrete momentum packets whose alignment mimics lattice points on a face-centered-cubic crystal. This novel behavior arises from velocity selection and "positive feedback" acceleration due to a finite number of photon recoils. Cooling is achieved with blue-detuned light around a velocity where gravity balances the radiative force.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, Phys. Rev. Lett., in pres

Mesoscopic Fermi gas in a harmonic trap

We study the thermodynamical properties of a mesoscopic Fermi gas in view of recent possibilities to trap ultracold atoms in a harmonic potential. We focus on the effects of shell closure for finite small atom numbers. The dependence of the chemical potential, the specific heat and the density distribution on particle number and temperature is obtained. Isotropic and anisotropic traps are compared. Possibilities of experimental observations are discussed.Comment: 8 pages, 9 eps-figures included, Revtex, submitted to Phys. Rev. A, minor changes to figures and captions, corrected typo

Output of a pulsed atom laser

We study the output properties of a pulsed atom laser consisting of an interacting Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a magnetic trap and an additional rf field transferring atoms to an untrapped Zeeman sublevel. For weak output coupling we calculate the dynamics of the decaying condensate population, of its chemical potential and the velocity of the output atoms analytically.Comment: 4 pages, RevTeX. Full ps file available on http://mpqibmr1.mpq.mpg.de:5000/~man

Spatial coherence and density correlations of trapped Bose gases

We study first and second order coherence of trapped dilute Bose gases using appropriate correlation functions. Special attention is given to the discussion of second order or density correlations. Except for a small region around the surface of a Bose-Einstein condensate the correlations can be accurately described as those of a locally homogeneous gas with a spatially varying chemical potential. The degrees of first and second order coherence are therefore functions of temperature, chemical potential, and position. The second order correlation function is governed both by the tendency of bosonic atoms to cluster and by a strong repulsion at small distances due to atomic interactions. In present experiments both effects are of comparable magnitude. Below the critical temperature the range of the bosonic correlation is affected by the presence of collective quasi-particle excitations. The results of some recent experiments on second and third order coherence are discussed. It is shown that the relation between the measured quantities and the correlation functions is much weaker than previously assumed.Comment: RevTeX, 25 pages with 7 Postscript figure

Does matter wave amplification work for fermions?

We discuss the relationship between bosonic stimulation, density fluctuations, and matter wave gratings. It is shown that enhanced stimulated scattering, matter wave amplification and atomic four-wave mixing are in principle possible for fermionic or non-degenerate samples if they are prepared in a cooperative state. In practice, there are limitations by short coherence times.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure

The women's group programme in the S.R.D.P.

This paper is based primarily on research carried out as part of the Second Overall Evaluation of the Special Rural Development Programme conducted by the Institute for Development Studies in 1975. The paper begins with a general description and evaluation of the Women's Group Programme and then presents case studies of the six S.R.D.P. areas: Kapenguria, Kwale, Mbere, Migori/Kuria, Tetu and Vihiga/Hamisi. Eor each area, a brief description is given of the women who attended the leaders training courses offered as part of the Programme. The courses themselves are also described. Membership figures are given for the women's groups in the six areas, as well as brief accounts of group activities and plans. Finally, the role of local government officers is described - the frequency of contacts, the specific offices and ministries involved, and the nature of the assistance given. In general, the Women's Group Programme i s found to be a successful effort in the field of rural development which should be continued and expanded. A number of recommendations are made for improvement, both of the Programme in general and in specific S.R.D.P. areas. The broad participation and increased cooperation of a number of ministries and other agencies is recommended, both at the national level and in the field. It is also suggested that the objectives and curricula of the courses for women's leaders be brought more sharply into focus. Emphasis should also be placed on new approaches to income generation for women's groups, in addition to the traditional focus on family welfare and handicrafts. (I The general section of this paper appeared as Chapter Fifteen of I.D.S. Occasional Paper No. 12, and the case studies first appeared as I.D.S. Working Papers Nos. 231 - 236