Discrimination by Gender and Disability Status: Do Worker Perceptions Match Statistical Measures?

We explore whether perceptions of discrimination are related to ordinary statistical measures. The majority of disabled respondents report feeling some discrimination due to their disability, the majority of women feel some discrimination because of their gender, and a surprising number of men also report some discrimination. We do not find a strong link between perceptions of discrimination and measured discrimination perhaps because those who perceive discrimination feel that it occurs along other dimensions than pay. However, we do find a connection between whether a person feels his or her income is inadequate and measured discrimination for all groups studied

Understanding and Managing Generation Y

There are four generations in the workplace today; they consist of the Silent Generation, Baby Boom Generation, Generation X, and Generation Y. Generation Y, being the newest generation, is the least understood generation although marketers, demographers, recruiters, and other groups have formed initial impressions and continue to refine them. The majority of managers in the workforce come from the Baby Boom generation and they are accustomed to managing other Baby Boomers or Generation X members. The generational gap poses challenges for supervisors and managers to effectively motivate and inspire Generation Y members whose workplace values and beliefs differ from that of their elders. A literature review provided background on all of the generations but focused on Generation Y. Managers and supervisors of Generation Y employees who have formed their own impressions were provided the opportunity to validate their impressions against that of other sources. The literature review did not provide information on effectively managing this new group of individuals. The project validated the literature review with my personal observations as a manager of Generation Y employees. Additional research focused on examining established management and leadership theories and determining their applicability to managing Generation Y members. The models analyzed were successfully applied to managing Generation Y employees with minor provisions and included the Hierarchy of Needs, Situational Leadership, the Empowerment Continuum, and Cultural Intelligence. Methods of communication and training, and Generation Y norms were also reviewed. Of particular note, technology has an integral role in Generation Y life and there is an expectation to use the latest technology in the workplace. However, technology is not a substitute for face-to-face training, interaction with co-workers, and communication with supervisors and managers

Preliminary use of oxygen stable isotopes and the 1983 El Niño to assess the accuracy of aging black rockfish (Sebastes melanops)

Black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) range from California to Alaska and are found in both nearshore and shallow continental shelf waters (Love et al., 2002). Juveniles and subadults inhabit shallow water, moving deeper as they grow. Generally, adults are found at depths shallower than 55 meters and reportedly live up to 50 years. The species is currently managed by using information from an age-structured stock assessment model (Ralston and Dick, 2003)

The Practical Impossibility of Cohen\u27s Rescuing Justice & Equality

In Rescuing Justice and Equality, G. A. Cohen argues that a state of affairs which is equality preserving and Pareto-optimal is possible. In doing so, Cohen adopts an incorrect view of practical possibility. For Cohen, a person (A) being able to realize a given state of affairs is evidence that most persons can realize that same state of affairs. In contrast, I contend that an example of person A being able to realize a state of affairs only evidences the fact that persons who possess similar talents to A can realize that same state of affairs. That is to say, on my view, a state of affairs is practically possible if and only if it is logically, nomologically, and psychologically possible for nearly all persons. As a result, I contend that an equality preserving and Pareto-optimal state of affairs is practically impossible

Social Autonomy ≠ Social Empowerment: The Social Self-Restriction Model

This paper introduces the social self-restriction (SSR) model, which highlights a drawback associated with the increasingly accessible privilege of social autonomy. Social autonomy enables individuals to connect with preferred social partners and avoid undesirable others. The benefits of social autonomy are undeniable; however, the SSR model makes the novel assertion that people tend to exercise social autonomy in ways that ultimately constrain their potential for social empowerment—a higher-order form of personal freedom. Attaining the ideal of high social empowerment requires both high social autonomy and high social adaptability. People with high social adaptability can feel reasonably comfortable and act competently in social environments they did not choose to inhabit. Unfortunately, people with high social autonomy are unlikely to possess high social adaptability. We propose that social autonomy undermines social adaptability by tempting people to avoid social challenges and socialize selectively with similar others in familiar contexts, a habit that limits social skill development, promotes social intolerance, and distorts social perceptions. In essence, we argue that social autonomy allows people to live in their social comfort zones, at the cost of restricting their social range. Our discussion of the SSR model incorporates evidence and perspectives from a broad range of academic disciplines, and includes consideration of opportunities for future research

Prevalence of cervical disease at age 20 after immunisation with bivalent HPV vaccine at age 12-13 in Scotland: retrospective population study

The manuscript was reviewed by Jo’s Trust, which supports the conclusions. It made the following statement: We think (it has) massive implications for the screening programme, vaccine and also impact on diagnoses in the future. It gives weight for activity to increase vaccine uptake, has implications on screening intervals. The clinically relevant herd protection is very interesting too. It also feeds into our policy calls for a new IT infrastructure (for the screening programme in England) to record and enable invitations based on whether someone has at the vaccine if intervals can be extended. Funding: This study has been undertaken as part of the programme of surveillance of immunisation against human papillomavirus in Scotland, included within the routine work of Health Protection Scotland, a part of the Scottish National Health Service. No funding has been received from industry.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Population dynamics and human crocodile conflict of the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus, in the lower Zambezi valley

The lower Zambezi valley is an important conservation area for both Zambia and Zimbabwe, encompassing areas of varying levels of habitat and wildlife protection. Crocodiles have an important role in the ecosystem a well as a significant economic value, both attributes require careful management to ensure their preservation. This study investigated depredation of crocodile nests and estimated the population with a view to parameterising models which could be used to simulate harvesting strategies. Combined with a social survey the results are discussed in terms of enlightened crocodile management. The methodology encompassed four main areas: 1) An artificial crocodile nest experiment to ascertain levels of depredation at the egg stage. 2) Crocodile population surveys to estimate the abundance and size structure. 3) Deterministic stage-based and integral projection models compare observed to predicted population structure and the influence of harvesting regimes. 4) A questionnaire survey to determine the scale of human crocodile conflict and the associated issues. The local habitat characteristics of simulated crocodile nests correlated with depredation probability and time to nest death. The crocodile population shows evidence of increasing but differed from the predicted model stage structure, indicative of a population not yet at equilibrium. Crocodile density increased in areas that had higher levels of wildlife/habitat protection. An integral projection model indicated the complex inter-relationships between population biology parameters. Perturbations affecting the smallest as well as breeding size crocodiles may cause a significant impact to lambda and fertility selection. The current human crocodile conflict mitigation is minimal and ineffective. Canoe fishing is the highest risk activity followed by collecting water. The most popular mitigation suggestions were additional water access points in villages and for selective or total removal of crocodiles. An underlying dislike of crocodiles by the local populace needs to be addressed in order for successful long-term conservation