METHOD FOR MODULATING EICOSANOID MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSES IN ARTHROPODS

The invention is directed to compositions which alter the health of invertebrate organisms by affecting eicosanoid mediated immune responses, and methods of using the compositions. The invention provides pharmaceutical com positions and biopesticide compositions. The pharmaceuti cal composition is composed of an effective amount of at least one biologically active agent which enhances or inhib its eicosanoid-mediated immune responses in invertebrate Species and a physiological compatible carrier. The biope Sticide composition is composed of a biopesticidal amount of an inhibitor of eicosanoid-mediated immune responses in invertebrates and a physiologically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical compositions are useful to treat invertebrate Species to enhance or inhibit immune responses. The bio pesticide composition is useful to control the growth of or eradicate invertebrate pests. Methods are provided for deter mining which and what amounts of the biologically active agents are useful in the composition

ON FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING MEASUREMENT: A RECONSIDERATION OF SFAC 5 BY THE FASB IS NEEDED

This paper attempts to reinforce by means of social theory the procedure and property (attribute) of financial accounting measurement advanced by Salvary [1985,1989,1992]. The procedure entails estimating the amount of cash flows derivable from existing investment projects; and the measurement property (attribute) is identified as recoverable cost. The 'cash-in and cash-out' principle establishes financial capital maintenance as the appropriate capital maintenance concept to be followed in the measurement of periodic income. An analogy between a bank savings account and an equity security is used to identify the measurement property (attribute) and validate the additivity of financial accounting numbers. Problems with the monetarist model were used to demonstrate the appropriateness (stability) of the measurement scale (monetary unit). The logical analysis developed in this paper makes a compelling case for a reconsideration of Statement of Financial Accounting Concept No. 5 by the FASB.capital maintenance; 'cash-in and cash-out' principle; organizing of economic activities; cost efficient means of transacting; uncertain purchasing power; price mechanism; intertemporal transfer of risks; Replacement of non-monetary assets; a venture approach; intersavers' transfer of risks; storage of financial capital;savings account; effectiveness and efficiency in cash management; Hicksian consumption model.

PLANNING FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: AN AGENDA GUIDED BY THE SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM'S SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY

Co-operation among members of the world community is highly desirable, since it would be a step in the right direction to alleviate some of the world's problems. However, the current discussions on the harmonization of socio-economic systems and the globalization of trade goes beyond mere suggestions to the position that such a development is imminent and highly beneficial to the world community. For many countries being able to trade voluntarily with any country is highly desirable, but having to transform one's way of life to one single mode of operation poses far greater problems than those that currently are being experienced. This paper maintains that institutionalized macroeconomic planning, which can produce positive benefits to any and all societies, is the path that should be followed.globalization of trade, confron tational competition, managed trade, institutionalized macroeconomic planning, national economic policy de cisions.

BUSINESS CYCLES CREATION: SOME HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

Historically, generalization about economic fluctuations in an economic system over extended periods of time has proved to be difficult. Yet, it has been even more difficult to generalize across economic systems. In a historical setting, there are many theories offered to explain the creation of business cycles. In this study it is argued that the business cycle is not caused by a single factor but by a multiplicity of factors, therefore, such competing theories constitute special cases of the business cycle. This study maintains that there are families of business cycles, with each family representing a related set of economic systems. Given a family approach to economic systems, then it is conceivable that a general theory can be developed for each family of economic systems by grouping factors identifiable with particular sets of economic systems. Data from the United Nations for 137 countries were used to establish a classification scheme for families of economic systems. US time series data were examined to assess the plausibility of the general theory for one family of economic systems as advanced in this study.cycle creation theories, families of cycles, money shocks, investment cycle, credit cycle, monetary dislocation, systems philosophies.

THE ‘PURE SCIENCE’ APPROACH TO ECONOMICS AND MONETARY POLICY

Perceptions of money do influence monetary policy, and monetary policy does have an impact on the functioning of the economy. For instance, a high interest rate policy usually entails high levels of bankruptcies and unemployment. Also, given a loss of confidence in the issuing authority (monetary dislocation), paper money can and does fail in all its functions as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of nominal value. In a money economy in which nominal money is the medium of exchange, nominal money prices reflect the underlying exchange ratios of the various commodities that are produced and exchanged for nominal money. In the absence of monetary dislocation (monetary revaluation or devaluation), any change in the nominal price of a commodity reflects a change in its purchasing power (a change in its exchange ratio vis-a-vis other commodities). Monetary policy prescriptions, which ignore this reality, result in significant displacement costs to members of society. A ‘pure science’ approach to economic research engenders policy prescriptions based upon assumptions of the economic system which are not aligned with the empirical reality. Hence, to avoid severe social costs, the ‘pure science’ approach to economics needs to be modified to deal with social reality.monetary policy decisions; economic policy; federal funds target range; purchasing power uncertainty; interest rate targeting; reserves targeting; instruments for the prediction of observable phenomena.

ON THE HISTORICAL VALIDITY OF NOMINAL MONEY AS A MEASURE OF ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: SOME EVIDENCE AND LOGICAL ANALYSIS

In the literature, nominal money has been decried as a reliable measure. However, before condemning money as a defective measure, it is necessary to examine in a historical context the nature and the role of money in a money economic system, and the changes over time in the types of money (commodity money versus paper money). Using historical evidence and logical analysis, this paper attempts to establish the validity of nominal money as a valid device for the measurement of organizational perfor mance. This paper reveals that: (1) the deficiencies of commodity money (and the historical arguments associated with it) are attributed to paper (fiat) money; (2) in a historical setting, there are very restrictive conditions under which paper money would be a defective measuring device; and (3) under general economic conditions, paper money is a reliable measure.organizing economic activities; commodity money; representative paper money; transaction cost reduction; extrinsic and intrinsic values; uncertain nominal value; non specified purchasing power; individual preferenc;stored entitlements.

SOME CONCEPTIONS AND MISCONCEPTIONS ON REALITY AND ASSUMPTIONS IN FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

This paper addresses two problematic issues arising from the importation of terms into financial accounting: (1) the nature of economic reality; and (2) the role of assumptions. These two issues have stirred a lot of controversy relating to financial accounting measurements and affect attestation reports. This paper attempts to provide conceptual clarity on these two issues.Economic reality; audit opinion; Savings and Loan Associations; aggregative analysis; planning data; simplifying assumptions; going concern; liquidating concern; realization.

THE POSSIBILITY OF AND POTENTIAL FOR THE MISCLASSIFICATION OF PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTANTS IN ANTIQUITY

The role of accounting functionaries in antiquity is of interest from the standpoint of the source documents used, reports generated, duties performed, and the requisite knowledge to perform established duties. It appears that in some historical works, individuals involved in some manner with the accounting function, however slight, have been determined to be professional accountants. Since classifications have been made in some instances by mere association and not based upon adequate evidence, the possibility for misclassification does exist. This paper draws attention to this potential problem of misclassification in historical works.medieval period, trained scribes, handbook on estate management, manorial documents, forms and records, auditing the accounts.