The impact of a hydroelectric power station on the development and modernization of the Bajina Bašta settlement during the socialist period

During the process of socialist modernization, initiated after WWII, large development projects in Serbia were the main drivers of urban transformation. Electrification and industrialization resulted in the establishment of new production modes, which defined a new socio-economic background for the development of settlements and the modification of their functional and morphological structure. The construction of the Bajina Bašta hydroelectric power station, in the middle section of the Drina River in western Serbia, was one of the development projects, and it triggered the transformation of the environment, upgrading the pre-war small town of Bajina Bašta into a new urban node, adjusted to the socialist imperatives and standards of progress

The impact of a hydroelectric power plants on the settlement development and modernization in Serbia and Yugoslavia during the 20th century

Rad istražuje promene u oblasti privrednog, prostornog i društvenog razvoja gradskog naselja Bajina Bašta nastale pod uticajem izgradnje postrojenja hidroelektrane „Bajina Bašta“. Vremenski okvir istraživanja obuhvata period posle Drugog svetskog rata od početka dinamične socijalističke urbanizacije 1961. godine zaključno sa 1989. godinom. Posleratni razvoj Bajine Bašte je tipičan primer preobražaja naselja prema odrednicama socijalističke urbanizacije koja pretpostavlja industriju kao okosnicu urbanog razvoja. Razvoj naselja odvijao se u okviru planske elektrifikacije kao jednog od velikih razvojnih projekata socijalističke modernizacije u Jugoslaviji koji su se oslanjali na tehnološka dostignuća u procesu unapređenja zaostalih društveno-ekonomskih odnosa. Cilj istraživanja je uspostavljanje veze između izgradnje elektroenergetskih postrojenja i razvoja i modernizacije naselja, i određivanje prirode i obima uočenog uticaja u odnosu na specifičnosti društveno-ekonomskog sistema i stepena tehnološkog razvoja. Vodeći se teorijskom postavkom Anri Lefevra (Henri Lefebvre) da tehnološki razvoj utiče na oblikovanje prostora grada posredstvom društvenog delovanja istraživanje polazi od pretpostavke da proces elektrifikacije, koji u širem smislu podrazumeva opštu dostupnost električne energije, utiče na promenu proizvodnih odnosa i načna života, i da izgradnja hidroenergetskog postrojenja kao složene strukture specifične funkcije ima veliku ulogu u procesu urbanog razvoja. Uticaj hidroenergetskog postrojenja na razvoj i modernizaciju naselja Bajina Bašta razmatra se u okviru navedenog teorijskog i interpretativnog aspekta. Oslanjajući se na teorijsko polazište koncepta modernosti istraživanje razmatra različite interpretacije modernizacije i utvrđuje osnovne odlike, činioce i uslove realizacije modernizacijskih procesa u odnosu na aspekte tehnološkog razvoja, sa posebnim osvrtom na uspostavljanje veze sa procesima elektrifikacije i industrijalizacije u okviru vrednosnog sistema jedne mlade socijalističke države. Interpretativni deo istraživanja obuhvata studiju slučaja naselja Bajina Bašta za vreme izgradnje i nakon puštanja u rad hidroenergetskih postrojenja, u okviru koje se analizira uloga elektrifikacije u procesu modernizacije naselja u odnosu na razvoj industrije, urbani razvoj i društvene promene, i osvrt na slučaj elektrifikacije Užica početkom 20. veka i doprinos ovog procesa razvoju lokalne industrijske proizvodnje. Uključuje i razmatranje aspekata opšteg uticaja na okruženje koji su u vezi sa tehnološkim odlikama postrojenja. Interpretacija rezultata istraživanja daje uporednu analizu prethodnog stanja i ostvarenih promena prema utvrđenim merilima i analizu negativnih posledica u slučaju mogućeg neželjenog događaja tokom rada postrojenja. Time je definisan uticaj hidroenergetskog postrojenja na razvoj i modernizaciju naselja u okviru šireg teorijskog okvira koji povezuje primenu tehnoloških inovacija sa aspektima svakodnevnog života. Rad zaključuje da je izgradnja HE „Bajina Bašta“ tokom perioda socijalističke modernizacije uticala na uspostavljanje novog društveno-ekonomskog okvira razvoja naselja i promene u domenu fizičke strukture, aktivnosti i uslova života, koje su se tokom razvojnog procesa na različit način manifestovale u odnosu na pojedine urbane celine.This dissertation explores the transitions in the economic, spatial and social development of the Bajina Bašta settlement that were created under the influence of the construction of hydroelectric power plants 'Bajina Bašta'. The timeline of the research includes the period after the WWII from the beginning of the dynamic socialist urbanization in 1961 until 1989. The postwar development of Bajina Bašta represents a typical example of the settlement transformation according to the principles of socialist urbanization which presupposes industry as the framework of urban growth. The town development took place within planned electrification as one of the major development projects of socialist modernization in Yugoslavia that relied on technological achievements in the process of advancement of backward socio-economic relations. The aim of the research is to establish the connection between the construction of the hydroelectric power plants and the development and modernization of the Bajina Bašta settlement, and to determine the nature and extent of the perceived impact in relation to the specificity of the socio-economic system and the contemporary technological conditions. Referring to the theoretical proposition of Henri Lefebvre that technological development influences the modelling of urban space through social action, the research starts from the assumption that the process of electrification, which in the broader sense implies the general availability of electricity, influences the shift of production modes and the way of living, and that the construction of power plant, as a complex structure of a specific function, plays a major role in the process of urban development. The impact of the hydroelectric power plant on the development and modernization of the Bajina Bašta settlement is considered within the introduced theoretical and interpretative aspects. Relying on the theoretical concept of modernity as a starting point the research takes into account various interpretations of modernization, determining the basic characteristics, factors and conditions for modernization process realization in relation to the aspects of technological development, with a special emphasis on establishing a connection with electrification and industrialization within the framework of socialist ideology. Interpretative part of the research includes the case study of the Bajina Bašta settlement during the construction and after the commissioning of the hydroelectric power plants, which analyzes the role of electrification in the process of town evolvent in relation to the economic growth, urban development and social changes. It also includes the review of the influence of electrification on local economy advancement of the Uţice town at the beginning of the 20th century. The research considers as well the general influence on the local surrounding area in relation to technological features of the facility. Interpretation of the research results gives a comparative analysis of the previous state and the realized changes according to the established criteria, and analysis of the negative consequences in case of possible unwanted event during the power plants operation. This defines the influence of the facility on the settlement development and modernization within a wider theoretical framework that connects technological innovations with aspects of everyday life. The dissertation concludes that the construction of HPP 'Bajina Bašta' during the period of socialist modernization influenced the establishment of a new socio-economic framework for the settlement development and changes in the domain of physical structure, activities and living conditions, which manifested in different ways in relation to individual urban continent

Involvement of Football Fan Club Members in Deviant And Criminal Behavior

Glavni cilj ovoga rada je dobiti uvid u osobitosti devijantnog i kriminalnog ponašanja pripadnika navijačkih skupina Torcide i Bad Blue Boysa. S obzirom da se radi o eksplorativnom tipu istraživanja, u radu nisu postavljene hipoteze. Podaci su se prikupljali putem posebno izrađenog on line upitnika za ovo istraživanje u razdoblju od 15.travnja 2019. godine do 15.svibnja 2019.godine, pri čemu se za distribuciju upitnika koristila metoda snježne grude (org., snow ball method). Pitanja su djelomično preuzeta iz Dušanovog (2013) istraživanja, a neka pitanja su modificirana. Popunjavanje ankete je trajalo oko 10ak minuta, a anketa se sastojala od 49 pitanja otvorenog i zatvorenog tipa te su korištena i pitanja po uzoru na Likertovu skalu. Prvo su ispitanici odgovarali na općenita, sociodemografska pitanja, a kasnije na specifičnija, vezana uz njihove stavove i ponašanja u odnosu na utakmice, odnos prema suparničkoj navijačkoj skupini i policiji, povijest kažnjavanosti te konzumaciju droga/alkohola. Kako bi se dobilo uvid u ciljeve istraživanja koristile su se metode deskriptivne statistike (aritmetička sredina, standardna devijacija, frekvencije odgovora). Rezultati deskriptivne statistike pokazuju da je od ukupnog uzorka N=129, većina ispitanika muškog spola (107), prosječne dobi 24 godine, s time da najmlađi ispitanik ima 14 godina, a najstariji 41 godinu. Najviše pripadnika navijačke skupine čini studentska populacija (48), većina ih je zaposleno, a što se tiče trenutačnog suživota najveći broj živi s roditeljima te ih je više od 50% neoženjeno/neudano. U ovom istraživanju je sudjelovalo više pripadnika Torcide, nego Bad Blue Boysa. Što se tiče dobi u kojoj su se uključili u navijačku skupinu, rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju da prednjače ispitanici koji su se učlanili u navijačku skupinu u dobi od 14 do 18 godina. više od 20% ispitanika aktivno podržava svoj klub najmanje jedanput tjedno, a preko 35% ispitanika je učlanjeno u navijačku skupinu od 1 do 5 godina ili imaju staž veći od 10 godina. I jedna i druga skupina imaju pozitivan stav prema navijačkim skupinama, ali izrazito negativan jedna prema drugoj. Među onima koji su imali iskustvo samostalnog sukoba, najviše je onih koji su to imali s navijačima koji navijaju za suprotni klub, najčešći su napadi grupe navijača na drugu grupu navijača. Verbalni konflikti sa navijačima drugog kluba su učestaliji nego sa navijačima istog kluba, a više ispitanih je samostalno bilo žrtva napada grupe navijača nego dok su bili u grupi te su u većem postotku navijači koji misle da su bili žrtve neopravdanog nego opravdanog nasilja policije, bilo jednom ili puta i više u posljednjih godinu dana. Najmanje jednom je bilo privedeno 31.78% ispitanika, a najčešća dob prvog privođenja je od 14 do 19 godina, najmanje jednom je bilo 19.38% ispitanika koji su bili uhićeni jednom i više, a najčešća dob prvog uhićenja je od 14 do 19 godina, dok je najmanje jednom bilo osuđeno 13.96% ispitanika, a najčešće u dobi od 14 do 19 godina. Od ukupnog broja ispitanika, njih 69.76% barem 1-2 puta u tri mjeseca konzumiraju droge/alkohol. Iako podosta ispitanika smatra da im niti jedan prijatelj nema problema sa zakonom, kada se stavi kategorija ima/nema problema sa zakonom dobio bi se veći postotak onih ispitanika koji smatraju da im prijatelji imaju problema sa zakonom. Njih 97.7% je odgovorilo da nikad nije služilo kaznu zatvora, dok je svega 2.3% odgovorilo potvrdno.The main objective of this thesis is to gain insight into the characteristics of the deviant and criminal behaviors of members of the Torcida and Bad Blue Boys supporters' groups. Given the fact that this is an exploratory type of research, there are no hypotheses in the paper. The data were collected through an online questionnaire specially designed for this research in the period from April 15, 2019 to May 15, 2019, using the snowball method to distribute the questionnaire. The questions were partly taken from Dušan's (2013) research, while some questions were modified. Filling out the questionnaire lasted about 10 minutes. The questionnaire consisted of 49 openended and closed-ended questions and Likert scale questions as well. The respondents first responded to general, sociodemographic questions, and later to more specific ones, related to their attitudes and behaviors in relation to football matches, the attitude towards the rival supporters' group and the police, the criminal record and consumption of drugs or alcohol. Descriptive statistical methods were used to gain insight into the research objectives (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, response frequencies).The results of descriptive statistics show that the majority of the total sample (N = 129) are male respondents (107 of them), with an average age of 24. The youngest respondent is 14 years old, while the oldest one is 41 years old. The majority of the supporters' group consists of the student population (48), most of whom are employed. Regarding their current coexistence, the majority of them lives with their parents, while more than 50% are unmarried. More Torcida members participated in this research in comparison to the Bad Blue Boys members. Regarding the age at which they joined the supporters' group, the results of this research show that most respondents joined the supporters' group between the ages of 14 and 18. More than 20% of respondents actively support their club at least once a week, while over 35% of respondents have been members of a supporters' group in a period of one to five years or have had a membership for more than 10 years. Both groups have a positive attitude towards supporters' groups, but they are extremely negative towards each other. Among those who have experienced conflicts on their own, the majority are those who have come into conflict with fans who support the rival club, while the attacks that most commonly occur are those between different supporters' groups. Verbal conflicts with the fans of the rival club are more frequent than those with the fans of the same club. Moreover, more respondents were attacked by a group of fans when they were on alone rather than when they were part of the group. Furthermore, more fans believe that they were victims of unjustifiable police violence rather than the justified, whether it was one or more times in the past year, 31.78% of the respondents were detained at least once, and the most common age of their first detention was between 14 and 19 and 19.38% of the respondents were arrested once and more at least once, and the most common age of their first arrest was between 14 and 19. At least once 13.96% of the respondents were convicted, and the most common age of their first conviction was between 14 and 19. At least 1-2 times in three months' time 69.76% of the total number of respondents consumes drugs or alcohol. Although a considerable number of respondents feel that none of their friends have any problems with the law, when the category „has“ or „does not have problems with the law“ is put up, there is a higher percentage of respondents who think that their friends do have problems with the law. While only 2.3% answered affirmatively, 97.7% answered that they have never served a prison sentence

RETENTION OF FIXED IMPLANT PROSTHETIC RESTORATIONS

Pričvršćenje suprastrukture završni je postupak u implantoprotetskoj terapiji. Svaki implantološki sustav sastoji se od endosealnog dijela, nadogradnje implantata i suprastrukture koja može biti mobilna ili fiksna. Ovisno o vrsti i planu implantoprotetske terapije moguće je protetski nadomjestak cementirati ili pričvrstiti vijkom. Takva odluka zahtijeva dobro poznavanje anatomije periimplatantnog tkiva, implantoloških sustava, radiološke dijagnostike, a posebice CBCT-a (engl. cone beam computed tomography), kirurških tehnika te vrste i mehanike spojeva implantata i nadogradnje. Koji je način pričvršćenja bolji ostaje proturječno. Cementiranjem nadomjeska osigurava se stabilan i estetski povoljan način pričvršćenja, ali zaostatni cement oko vrata implantata može uzrokovati periimplantitis i gubitak implantata. Za razliku od cementiranih radova, pričvršćenje vijkom omogućava skidanje i vraćanje nadomjestka te uklanja opasnost periimplantitisa zbog nedostatka cementa. Međutim, djelovanjem žvačnih sila na otvoru vijka može doći do pucanja protetskog nadomjestka pa često dolazi do neuspjeha zbog gubitka vijka. U ovom radu bit će opisani sustavi cementiranja i pričvršćenja vijkom te njihove prednosti i mane, kao i moguće komplikacije ove terapije.Affixing dental prostheses is the final step in dental implant prosthetic therapy. Dental implants consist of dental fixture or implant, abutment and dental prosthesis, which can be mobile or fixed. Depending upon the type and course of dental implant prosthetic therapy dental prostheses can be attached either by screw or cement. This decision is based upon the indepth knowledge of the anatomy of the mucous membranes and the jaw (implant site tissue), implant systems, x-ray diagnostics, especially CBCT (cone beam computed tomography), surgical techniques, as well as the types and mechanics behind the implant and permanent crown attachments. There is still debate around which type of prosthesis/crown attachment is the best. A crown cemented to the implant makes for a stable and aesthetically pleasing crown attachment, however the leftover cement around the base of the implant may cause peri-implantitis and loss of the implant. A crown attached by screw allows for easy removal for repair or replacement, which is impossible with the cement attached crown, and it also removes the threat of peri-implantintis due to absence of cement. However, due to physical forces, prosthetic crown may chip or fracture and there is a more frequent failure rate due to loss of a screw. The many advantages and disadvantages with both methods are explained in this paper, in addition to possible complications

Rating the fire season 2013. year and comparison with the fire season 2012. year

Analizirane su prostorne razdiobe srednje mjesečne i sezonske žestine za proteklu 2013. godinu te su uspoređene s višegodišnjim prosjekom 1981. - 2010., ali i s 2012. godinom. Požari raslinja izravno su povezani sa sušom i visokom temperaturom zraka te su zbog toga detaljno analizirana i sušna razdoblja kao i razdoblja s maksimalnom dnevnom temperaturom zraka iznad 30°C i iznad 32°C. Utvrđeno je da je najugroženije područje od požara raslinja i u protekle dvije godine bila Dalmacija, osobito njeni otoci i zaleđe. U usporedbi s višegodišnjim prosjekom 1981. - 2010., požarna sezona 2013. godine je na Jadranu bila u razini ili malo iznad prosjeka, a iznadprosječna isključivo u unutrašnjosti zemlje, ponajprije u središnjim i sjeverozapadnim predjelima te u dijelu Like. Za razliku od prethodne godine, požarna sezona 2012. je u cijeloj zemlji bila iznadprosječna, a posebno je iznimna bila u nizinskoj Hrvatskoj.In this work were analyzed the spatial distribution of mean monthly and seasonal severity for the past 2013th year and were compared with long-term averages from 1981 to 2010, but it is the 2012th year. Fires plants directly associated with drought and high temperature air and are therefore analyzed in detail and dry periods as well as periods of maximum daily air temperatures above 30 °C and above 32 °C. It was found that the most vulnerable area of vegetation fires in the past two years was Dalmatia, especially its islands and the hinterland. Compared with long-term averages 1981-2010, the fire season 2013th year in the Adriatic was at or slightly above average and above average only in the interior of the country, mainly in the central and northwestern regions and the eastern part of Lika. Unlike last year, the fire season 2012th in the whole country was above average, and is particularly remarkable was the Croatian inland

Effect of Over-Pressure on Pipeline Structural Integrity

The effect of proof over-pressure on pipeline structural integrity using fracture mechanics parameters is analysed in the case of pipeline in Reversed Hydro Power Plant, made of High Strength Low Alloyed steel with 800 MPa tensile strength due to special design requirements. To assess its structural integrity, extensive testing of the full-scale prototype had been performed, including hydrostatic pressurizing. Since plastic strain was recorded during proof over-pressurizing, special attention is given to the fact that this is actually a mechanism for crack initiation and propagation. To investigate this effect micromechanical modelling is considered, as well as the Failure Assessment Diagramme. It is shown that over-pressuring has potential detrimental effect on pipeline safety, i. e. structural integrity

Risk Management of a Hydro Power Plant – Fracture Mechanics Approach

Risk management of a hydro power plant has been analysed from fracture mechanics point of view. The research is focused on the risk and integrity assessment of pressure equipment in a reversible hydro power plant in order to determine to what extent it poses a risk to Bajina Basta settlement and its inhabitants. The risk matrix has been used to assess risk level according to probability and consequence in a more descriptive way, whereas the failure assessment diagram has been used as an alternative engineering approach, including level II analysis

The Effect of Map Scale on the Determination of the Coastline Length and the Area of Islands in the Adriatic Sea - the Example of the Island of Rab

Opisan je postupak određivanja duljine obalne crte i površine otoka Raba s karata mjerila 1:25 000, 1:50 000, 1:100 000, 1:200 000, 1:300 000, 1:500 000, 1:1 000 000 i 1:2 000 000. Listovi karata u mjerilu 1:25 000, 1:100 000 i 1:200 000 dobiveni su u georeferenciranom rasterskom formatu, a ostali su skenirani i georeferencirani. Izvršena je potom ručna vektorizacija obalne crte i transformacija svih koordinata u 5. zonu Gauss-Krügerove projekcije. Duljina obalne crte i površina otoka izračunana je u Gauss-Krügerovoj projekciji pri čem su uzete u obzir deformacije projekcije. Rezultati su dani u tablicama i prikazani grafički.The procedure to determine the coastline length and the area of the island of Rab from the maps at the scales 1:25 000, 1:50 000, 1:100 000, 1:200 000, 1:300 000, 1:500 000, 1:1 000 000 and 1:2 000 000 is described. The map sheets at the scales 1:25 000, 1:100 000 and 1:200 000 were obtained already in a georeferenced raster format, and the others were scanned and georeferenced. This was followed by a manual vectorization of the coastline and a transformation of all coordinates into the 5th zone of the Gauss-Krüger projection. The length of the coastline and the area of the island were calculated in the Gauss-Krüger projection taking into account the deformations of the projection. The results are given in tables and represented graphically

Role of hydroelectric power plant in development of Uzice and Bajina Basta settlements

This paper demonstrates the link between the construction of hydroelectric power plant and the development of settlements in the surrounding area. The influence of electrification and industrialization in urban restructuring is viewed through different social conditions in the socio-political system, which determines the nature and engagement of investments, and the degree of technological development, which conditions the possibility of electric energy use. In this way, the distinctiveness in the economic, spatial and social development of settlements was observed relative to the stimulus of hydroelectric plant in different socio- economic and technical and technological conditions and it may serve as the foundation for defining the set of guidelines in the planning of restructuring and developing settlements

Opinions of high school students in Serbia on the advantages of on-line learning during the Covid-19 pandemic

Poslednjih godina svedoci smo brojnih istraživanja i pilot-projekata, kako kod nas tako i u svetu, koji se bave ispitivanjem onlajn učenja. U radu se teorijski i empirijski analiziraju mogućnosti onlajn učenja. Teorijski deo se odnosi na analizu razlika tradicionalnog i onlajn učenja na osnovu proučavanja stručne literature. Empirijsko istraživanje je sprovedeno pomoću upitnika koji je distribuiran putem različitih internet platformi tokom aprila 2020. godine. Ovim istraživanjem obuhvaćeno je 339 učenika srednjih škola u Srbiji, koji su u periodu vanrednog stanja usled pandemije Covid-19 pohađali onlajn nastavu. Dobijeni podaci su obrađeni kvalitativnom analizom. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se identifikuju prednosti onlajn učenja u odnosu na tradicionalni model nastave s aspekta učenika srednjih škola, kao i da se daju preporuke za dalja istraživanja i unapređivanja u praksi. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da učenici srednjih škola u Srbiji prepoznaju prednosti onlajn učenja, koje se odnose na uštedu vremena, mogućnosti upravljanja procesom učenja i unapređenje rezultata nastavnog procesa.V poslednie gody my stali svidetelâmi mnogočislennyh issledovanij i pilotnyh proektov kak v našej strane, tak i v mire, kotorye kasaûtsâ èkspertizy onlajn-obučeniâ. V dannoj stat'e teoretičeski i èmpiričeski analiziruûtsâ vozmožnosti onlajn-obučeniâ. Teoretičeskaâ čast' otnositsâ k analizu raznicy meždu tradicionnym i onlajn-obučeniem, na osnove izučeniâ literatury po special'nosti. Èmpiričeskoe issledovanie provodilos' s ispol'zovaniem ankety, rasprostranennoj čerez različnye internet-platformy v tečenie aprelâ 2020 goda. Issledovanie provedeno na primere 339 učenikov srednih škol v Serbii, kotorye poseŝali onlajn-klassy vo vremâ črezvyčajnogo položeniâ iz-za pandemii Covid-19. Polučennye dannye obrabotany s primeneniem kačestvennogo analiza. Cel'û issledovaniâ bylo vyâvit' preimuŝestva onlajn-obučeniâ, po sravneniû s tradicionnoj model'û obučeniâ s točki zreniâ anketirovannyh učenikov, a takže dat' rekomendacii dlâ dal'nejših issledovanij i ulučšeniâ praktiki. Rezul'taty issledovaniâ pokazali, čto učeniki v Serbii priznaût preimuŝestva onlajn-obučeniâ, kotorye svâzany s èkonomiej vremeni, vozmožnost'û upravlât' processom obučeniâ i ulučšat' rezul'taty učebnogo processa.In recent years, there have been numerous studies and pilot-projects both in Serbia and around the world, dealing with on-line learning. This paper analyzes the possibilities of online learning theoretically and empirically. The theoretical section presents an analysis of differences between traditional and on-line learning based on a review of the literature. The empirical study was carried out using a questionnaire distributed through various internet platforms in April 2020. The survey comprised 339 high school students in Serbia who attended on-line classes during the state of emergency imposed due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The data thus collected were processed using qualitative analysis. The aim of the study was to identify the advantages of on-line learning relative to the traditional model of instruction from the perspective of secondary school students, and to offer recommendations for further research and improvements in practice. The results of the study suggest that secondary school students in Serbia recognize the advantages of on-line learning in terms of time efficiency, the possibility to manage the learning process and improvement of the results of the instructional process