On the Chameleonic Behaviour of Cholesterol through a Fractal/Multifractal Model

An increasing number of studies are beginning to show that both low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol can constitute risk factors for myocardial infarction. Such a behaviour has been called by experts in the field the “chameleonic effect” of cholesterol. In the present paper, a fractal/multifractal model for low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol dynamics is proposed. In such a context, a fractal/multifractal tunneling effect for systems with spontaneous symmetry breaking is analyzed so that if the spontaneous symmetry breaking is assimilated to an inflammation (in the form of a specific scalar potential), then a coupling between two fractal/multifractal states can be observed. These two states, which have been associated to biological structures such as low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein, transfer their states through a fractal/multifractal tunneling effect. Moreover, in our opinion, the widely used notions of “good” and “bad” cholesterol must be redefined as two different states (low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein) of the same biological structure named “cholesterol.” In our work, for the first time in the specialized literature, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein have been regarded as two different states of the same biological structure (named “cholesterol”), such as in nuclear physics, the neutron and proton are two different states of the same particle named nucleon

Implications and Consequences of SL(2R) as Invariance Group in the Description of Complex Systems Dynamics from a Multifractal Perspective of Motion

Possible implications and consequences of using SL(2R) as invariance groups in the description at any scale resolution of the dynamics of any complex system are analyzed. From this perspective and based on Jaynes’ remark (any circumstance left unspecified in the description of any complex system dynamics has the concrete expression in the existence of an invariance group), in the present paper one specifies such unspecified circumstances that result directly from the consideration of the canonical formalism induced by the SL(2R) as invariance group. It follows that both the Hamiltonian function and the Guassian distribution acquire the status of invariant group functions, the parameters that define the Hamiltonian acquire statistical significances based on a principle of maximizing informational energy, the class of statistical hypotheses specific to Gaussians of the same average acts as transitivity manifolds of the group (transitivity manifolds which can be correlated with the multifractal-non-multifractal scale transitions), joint invariant functions induced through SL(2R) groups isomorphism (the SL(2R) variables group, and the SL(2R) parameters group, etc.). For an ensemble of oscillators of the same frequency, the unspecified circumstances return to the ignorance of the amplitude and phase of each of the oscillators, which forces the recourse to a statistical ensemble traversed by the transformations of the Barbilian-type group. Finally, the model is validated based on numerical simulations and experimental results that refer to transient phenomena in ablation plasmas. The novelty of our model resides in the fact that fractalization through stochasticization is imposed through group invariance, situation in which the group’s transitivity manifolds can be correlated with the scale resolution

Released Diclofenac Sodium Salt From Chitosan Embedding In A Hydrogel Matrix. A Theoretical And Experimental Study

Two formulations embedding diclofenac sodium salt into a chitosan hydrogel matrix with different crosslinking degree were prepared by in situ hydrogelation. The formulations were investigated by polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the in vitro drug release was tested in a medium mimicking the physiological environment. The mechanism of the drug release has been assessed by a theoretical model which was developed and it was based on the multifractal theory of motion. The drug release mechanism are described through continuous and non-differentiable curves - multifractal curves

A Drug Release Mechanism Controlled by Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Balance of the Matrix. Theoretical and Experimental Perspectives

Controlled drug release is a promising pathway of biomedicine, meant to suppress side effects with the aim of increasing patient's comfort. A route to achieve this goal represents the encapsulation of drugs into matrixes, capable to develop physical forces, which further can control the drugs release. To this purpose, mathematical modeling is an important tool, which offers the possibility to understand the drug release mechanisms and to further design new performant systems. In this paper, a theoretical model for drug release from an amphiphilic matrix is presented. This is achieved using a conservation multifractal law of probability density followed by validation of the model. Moreover, because nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac, are widely used in endometriosis as painkillers for dysmenorrhea management or Asherman syndrome for reducing the endometrial inflammation, some implications of our model for drug delivery systems applied in the field of gynecology have been discussed

Infectious Inflammatory Processes and the Role of Bioactive Agent Released from Imino-Chitosan Derivatives Experimental and Theoretical Aspects

The paper focuses on the development of a multifractal theoretical model for explaining drug release dynamics (drug release laws and drug release mechanisms of cellular and channel-type) through scale transitions in scale space correlated with experimental data. The mathematical model has been developed for a hydrogel system prepared from chitosan and an antimicrobial aldehyde via covalent imine bonds. The reversible nature of the imine linkage points for a progressive release of the antimicrobial aldehyde is controlled by the reaction equilibrium shifting to the reagents, which in turn is triggered by aldehyde consumption in the inhibition of the microbial growth. The development of the mathematical model considers the release dynamic of the aldehyde in the scale space. Because the release behavior is dictated by the intrinsic properties of the polymer–drug complex system, they were explained in scale space, showing that various drug release dynamics laws can be associated with scale transitions. Moreover, the functionality of a Schrödinger-type differential equation in the same scale space reveals drug release mechanisms of channels and cellular types. These mechanisms are conditioned by the intensity of the polymer–drug interactions. It was demonstrated that the proposed mathematical model confirmed a prolonged release of the aldehyde, respecting the trend established by in vitro release experiments. At the same time, the properties of the hydrogel recommend its application in patients with intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) complicated by chronic endometritis as an alternative to the traditional antibiotics or antifungals

Brown Adipose Tissue Biodistribution and Correlations Particularities in Parathyroid Pathology Personalized Diagnosis

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) participates in the regulation of whole-body metabolism by producing a variety of adipokines. This study investigates into the BAT pattern and the clinical aspects of overweight and obese (OOB) vs. non-obese (NO) hyperparathyroidism (HPT) patients with the aim of assessing the impact of BAT and obesity on HPT. Parathyroid scans performed on 441 HPT patients between 2015 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed in order to select the images with active BAT. Based on their BMI, the patients with active BAT were divided into OOB vs. NO. The results showed that BAT was present in cervical and supraclavicular regions, with a single localization especially among NO vs. multiple sites among OOB. The (total counts/pixels)BAT/(total counts/pixels)non-BAT ratio in the right cervical localization showed a significant difference between the groups with higher values in OOB. BMI, PTH, FT4, vitamin D, magnesium, creatinine, and urea had significant correlations with BAT ratios. The predictive values showed that right cervical ratios higher than 1.52 and right supraclavicular ratios lower than 1.15 indicated an increased probability of being OOB. The significant correlations between BAT activation in OOB vs. NO and HPT clinical parameters could be useful for developing potential treatments based on this tissue

Improved Personalised Neuroendocrine Tumours’ Diagnosis Predictive Power by New Receptor Somatostatin Image Processing Quantification

Although neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are intensively studied, their diagnosis and consequently personalised therapy management is still puzzling due to their tumoral heterogeneity. In their theragnosis algorithm, receptor somatostatin scintigraphy takes the central place, the diagnosis receptor somatostatin analogue (RSA) choice depending on laboratory experience and accessibility. However, in all cases, the results depend decisively on correct radiotracer tumoral uptake quantification, where unfortunately there are still unrevealed clues and lack of standardization. We propose an improved method to quantify the biodistribution of gamma-emitting RSA, using tissular corrected uptake indices. We conducted a bi-centric retrospective study on 101 patients with different types of NETs. Three uptake indices obtained after applying new corrections to areas of interest drawn for the tumour and for three reference organs (liver, spleen and lung) were statistically analysed. For the corrected pathological uptake indices, the results showed a significant decrease in the error of estimating the occurrence of errors and an increase in the diagnostic predictive power for NETs, especially in the case of lung-referring corrected index. In conclusion, these results support the importance of corrected uptake indices use in the analysis of 99mTcRSA biodistribution for a better personalised diagnostic accuracy of NETs patients