Jargonisms in bilingual dictionaries

Žargonizmi su dio leksika koji je vjerojatno najvise podložan brzim promjenama odnosno mnogo brže prestaje biti aktualan u jezičnoj uporabi od drugih leksičkih elemenata. Njihova je uporaba pretežno vezana uz usmenu komunikaciju i u pisanome se jeziku rabe mnogo rjeđe. S obzirom na činjenicu da je teoretski gledano itekako poželjno da se svaki rječnik temelji na opsežnoj građi zadanoj korpusom, u praksi se upravo kod govorenoga jezika (a tu je, dakako, uključen i žargon) nailazi na velike probleme. Korpusi su govorenoga jezika relativno rijetki, a ako i postoje, obično nisu dostatni. Izbor je žargonizama za lijevu stranu dvojezičnoga rječnika stoga prepušten autorovu poznavanju toga leksičkoga segmenta. Pronalaženje pravoga ekvivalenta u jeziku desne strane zahtijeva visok stupanj jezične kompetencije leksikografa.Jargonisms are a part of the lexicon, which is probably mostly affected by fast changes. They lose much quicker on actuality in language usage than other lexical elements. Their use is mostly connected with oral communication while in the written language they are used much more seldom. In theory every dictionary should be based on an exhaustive material provided by a corpus; practice, however, shows that huge problems arise when spoken language corpora -and jargon is part of it -are needed. Such corpora are relatively rare and if they exist they are mostly not sufficient. The choice of jargonisms for the left side of a bilingual dictionary is therefore in most cases left to the author\u27s knowledge of this lexical segment. The search for the exact equivalent in the language of the right side asks for a high degree of linguistic competence of the lexicographer

Neologisms at the boundary between linguistic openness and linguistic purism

Postoje različite definicije neologizma -od onih koje tu jezičnu pojavu shvaćaju vrlo usko do onih koji u tu kategoriju ubrajaju svaku novu riječ, svako novo značenje pa čak i svaki novi morfem. Prema takvoj široj definiciji neologizma svaka je strana riječ koja se pojavi u nekome jeziku neologizam; neologizmi su, dakle, posljedica otvorenosti nekoga jezika i njegove spremnosti da prihvati nove riječi koje se "uvoze" zajedno s novim pojmovima. S druge strane, jezični purizam koji se često javlja upravo kao reakcija na (pre)velik priljev tuđica također generira neologizme; ti su neologizmi, međutim, građeni od domaćih sastavnica, ali su isto tako novina u jeziku. U prilogu će biti riječi o tome kako otvorenost prema stranim utjecajima jednako kao i strogo jezično čistunstvo pogoduju obogaćivanju jezika novim riječima, te na koji se način to odražava na sadržaj općih rječnika i rječnika neologizama.There are various definitions of neologism -ranging from those which describe it in a rather narrow sense to those which include into this linguistic category every new word, every new meaning, even new morphemes. According to such a wide definition every foreign word appearing in a language is a neologism; neologisms are thus the consequence of the openness of a language and its readiness to accept new words "imported" along with new concepts. On the other hand, linguistic purism which often comes as a reaction to a (too) large inflow of foreign words also generates neologisms; these neologisms, however, are built from native elements but are novelties in the language as well. Both linguistic openness towards foreign influences and a rigid purism are favourable to languages in enlarging their vocabularies. Neologisms are treated differently in various general monolingual dictionaries and dictionaries of neologisms, depending on the attitude towards normativity

In memoriam: Rudolf Filipović

In memoriam: Rudolf Filipović. 15. rujna 1916. - 20. prosinca 2000

On the parallel use of loan-words and their loan-translations

Before a loan-translation has established itself in a language it has to go through a phase in which it exists in parallel with the loan-word that had served as its model. The author discusses examples of such parallel use of English loan-words and their loan-translations in Croatian

Verbal Anglicisms in German

U ovome će prilogu biti riječi o glagolskim anglicizmima, jednoj od vrlo zanimljivih kategorija u jezičnom posuđivanju. Na temelju analize glagolskih anglicizama u njemačkom i povremenim usporedbama s hrvatskim glagolskim anglicizmima pokušat ćemo utvrditi kako se posuđeni glagoli prilagođuju sustavima u tim jezicima. Razmatrat će se neke osobitosti tvorbe glagolskih anglicizama u njemačkom kao što su zastupljenost pojedinih infinitivnih nastavaka, te mogućnost stvaranja prijedložnih i složenih glagolskih anglicizama po uzoru na domaće glagole.Verbal Anglicisms are a rather interesting category among loan words and can be discussed from different points of view. While being integrated into the native system they have to adapt according to several rules imposed by the native verbal structure and these rules naturally differ from one language to another. This paper attempts to show some of the specific characteristics of verbal Anglicisms in German and, when possible, compare them to the ones in Croatian. On the basis of a corpus of some 120 verbal Anglicisms we have investigated the way in which they form the infinitive, fit into the German system of weak and strong verbs, build the perfect tense and form phrasal and complex verb

Apokopa i afereza u funkciji jezične ekonomije

U članku se raspravlja o pojavi skraćivanja riječi koja je prisutna u većini jezika. Skraćene riječi koje nastaju kao rezultat takvoga postupka dijele se obično u nekoliko skupina, ovisno o tome odbacuje li se kraj riječi (tada se govori o apokopama), početak riječi (to su afereze), ili se »reže« s obje strane. Takav tip skraćenih riječi najčešće se javlja na supstandardnim jezičnim razinama, ponajprije u žargonu i razgovornome jeziku, ali dio tako skraćenih riječi zahvaljujući čestoj uporabi prelazi ponekad i u standard. Kao razlog za nastanak takvih riječ i autori obično navode jezičnu ekonomiju i ona se zasigurno može smatrati glavnim poticajem za skraćivanje podužih izraza. Drugi je razlog afektivnost koja je u velikoj mjeri prisutna u žargonu pa i razgovornom jeziku. Ispitivanjem različitih kategorija skraćenih riječi u hrvatskome i uspoređujući ih s gotovo identičnim tipovima u engleskom, francuskom i njemačkom, pokušava se utvrditi koje su bitne osobine te dosta raširene tvorbene pojave

New Concepts and New Words – How Do Languages Cope With the Problem of Neology?

It is a well-known fact that languages react differently when foreign words denoting new concepts have to be integrated into the native system. The procedure mostly depends on the degree of purism present in a linguistic community: some languages are rather open to foreign influences and do not demonstrate any special hostility towards new words which are easily accepted and adapted to the phonological and morphological systems of the receiving language. Languages, which have a strong puristic tradition, usually channel their borrowings into the loan translation field using internal word formation resources as a means of creating neologisms. Regardless of whether they are built of native elements or appear as loans, neologisms are necessarily the result of linguistic changes