Geneza i evolucija uvala u paleodolini Gajina mlaka na Kučaju

The evolution of Gajina mlaka paleovalley from pre-karstic to current phase reveals the complexity of process of transformation of valleys in karst and formation of fluviokarst uvalas. The creation of river network and formation of the valley of Gajina mlaka are related to successive withdrawal of the Pontiac Sea. Predominance of karstic process over fluvial causes the transformation of fluvial morphology into karstic. The degree of transformation depends on relationship of the intensity between these two opposed processes. Karstification covers all parts of Gajina mlaka valley which are built in karst. Riverbeds are almost completely transformed and dolines are formed along them. In the parts of valleys with more significant lithologic differences, more complex tectonic relationships and different pre-karstic fluvial morphology, larger forms of relief are created by karstic process and they are called uvalas. According to the presented method of genesis and evolution of uvalas it can be concluded that they are clearly morphologically and genetically individualized karst landforms, which negates some contemporary opinions that exclude both the term and form uvala as karstic element of relief.Evolucija paleodoline Gajina mlaka od prekraške do savremene faze otkriva složenost procesa transformacije dolina u krasu i nastanak fluvio-kraških uvala. Nastanak rečne mreže i stvaranje doline Gajina mlaka vezan je za sukcesivno povlačenje Pontiskog mora. Prevaga kraškog procesa nad fluvijalnim dovodi do transformacije fluvijane morfologije u krašku. Stepen transformacije zavisi od odnosa inteziteta ova dva suprostavljena procesa. Karstifikacija zahvata sve delove doline Gajina mlaka koji su izgrađeni u krečnjacima. Rečna korita su gotovo u potpunosti preoblikovana i duž njih se formiraju vrtače. U delovima dolina sa značajnijim litološkim razlikama, složenijim tektonskim odnosima i različitom prekraškom fluvijalnom morfologijom kraškim procesom izgrađuju se veći oblici reljefa - uvale. Iz prikazanog načina nastanka i evolucije uvala proističe da su one jasno morfološki i genetski individualisani kraški oblici, čime se negiraju pojedina savremena shvatanja koja isključuju i termin i oblik uvale kao kraškog elementa reljefa

Geneza i evolucija uvala u paleodolini Gajina mlaka na Kučaju

The evolution of Gajina mlaka paleovalley from pre-karstic to current phase reveals the complexity of process of transformation of valleys in karst and formation of fluviokarst uvalas. The creation of river network and formation of the valley of Gajina mlaka are related to successive withdrawal of the Pontiac Sea. Predominance of karstic process over fluvial causes the transformation of fluvial morphology into karstic. The degree of transformation depends on relationship of the intensity between these two opposed processes. Karstification covers all parts of Gajina mlaka valley which are built in karst. Riverbeds are almost completely transformed and dolines are formed along them. In the parts of valleys with more significant lithologic differences, more complex tectonic relationships and different pre-karstic fluvial morphology, larger forms of relief are created by karstic process and they are called uvalas. According to the presented method of genesis and evolution of uvalas it can be concluded that they are clearly morphologically and genetically individualized karst landforms, which negates some contemporary opinions that exclude both the term and form uvala as karstic element of relief.Evolucija paleodoline Gajina mlaka od prekraške do savremene faze otkriva složenost procesa transformacije dolina u krasu i nastanak fluvio-kraških uvala. Nastanak rečne mreže i stvaranje doline Gajina mlaka vezan je za sukcesivno povlačenje Pontiskog mora. Prevaga kraškog procesa nad fluvijalnim dovodi do transformacije fluvijane morfologije u krašku. Stepen transformacije zavisi od odnosa inteziteta ova dva suprostavljena procesa. Karstifikacija zahvata sve delove doline Gajina mlaka koji su izgrađeni u krečnjacima. Rečna korita su gotovo u potpunosti preoblikovana i duž njih se formiraju vrtače. U delovima dolina sa značajnijim litološkim razlikama, složenijim tektonskim odnosima i različitom prekraškom fluvijalnom morfologijom kraškim procesom izgrađuju se veći oblici reljefa - uvale. Iz prikazanog načina nastanka i evolucije uvala proističe da su one jasno morfološki i genetski individualisani kraški oblici, čime se negiraju pojedina savremena shvatanja koja isključuju i termin i oblik uvale kao kraškog elementa reljefa

Orijentacija crkava manastira ovčarsko-kablarske klisure (Republika Srbija)

Ovčar-Kablar gorge is after Fruška Gora Mountain the area with the largest number of old Serbian monasteries. This paper analyzes church orientation of all nine monasteries of the gorge from mathematical-geographical point of view, focusing on the churches of six monasteries that originate from the so called extended Middle Ages. Of these six churches only the axis of the Church of the Holy Trinity is directed exactly to the equinoctial east. Considering the means and methods that the chief architect could use, the orientation of monastery church of Vavedenje ('Presentation of Mary') with the aberration of only 4° can be also regarded as accurate. Moreover, this aberration could be the consequence of a mistake made by the chief architect about the date of equinox, which is also the case with the aberration of the monastery church of Sretenje ('Presentation of Our Lord'). The axis of the monastery church of Blagoveštenje ('Annunciation') is approximately directed to the point of the sunrise of summer solstice. Only the axis of the monastery church of Nikolje ('St Nicholas'), the oldest in the group of six of conditionally medieval churches, is out of the eastern sector of the horizon i.e. only this axis is not oriented in accordance with the ideal-type church rule.Posle Fruške Gore, Ovčarsko-kablarska klisura jeste prostor najveće koncentracije starih srpskih manastira. U radu je sa matematičko-geografskog stanovišta analizirana orijentacija crkava svih devet tamošnjih manastira, sa težištem na crkve šest manastira koje potiču iz tzv. produženog srednjeg veka. Od njih šest, tačno ka ravnodnevačkom istoku usmerena je samo osa crkve Sv. Trojice. Uzimajući u obzir sredstva i metode koje je mogao koristiti protomajstor, tačnom se može smatrati i orijentacija crkve manastira Vavedenje čiji je otklon samo 4°. Taj otklon mogao je biti i posledica proto-majstorove zablude o datumu ravnodnevice, isto kao i otklon ose crkve manastira Sretenja. Osa crkve manstira Blagoveštenja usmerena je približno ka tački izlaska sunca letnjeg soslsticijuma. Od šest uslovno srednjovekovnih crkava, samo se osa crkve manastira Nikolje, najstarije u toj grupi, nalazi van istočnog sektora horizonta, tj. jedina ona nije orijentisana u skladu idealtipskim crkvenim pravilom

Orijentacija crkava manastira ovčarsko-kablarske klisure (Republika Srbija)

Ovčar-Kablar gorge is after Fruška Gora Mountain the area with the largest number of old Serbian monasteries. This paper analyzes church orientation of all nine monasteries of the gorge from mathematical-geographical point of view, focusing on the churches of six monasteries that originate from the so called extended Middle Ages. Of these six churches only the axis of the Church of the Holy Trinity is directed exactly to the equinoctial east. Considering the means and methods that the chief architect could use, the orientation of monastery church of Vavedenje ('Presentation of Mary') with the aberration of only 4° can be also regarded as accurate. Moreover, this aberration could be the consequence of a mistake made by the chief architect about the date of equinox, which is also the case with the aberration of the monastery church of Sretenje ('Presentation of Our Lord'). The axis of the monastery church of Blagoveštenje ('Annunciation') is approximately directed to the point of the sunrise of summer solstice. Only the axis of the monastery church of Nikolje ('St Nicholas'), the oldest in the group of six of conditionally medieval churches, is out of the eastern sector of the horizon i.e. only this axis is not oriented in accordance with the ideal-type church rule.Posle Fruške Gore, Ovčarsko-kablarska klisura jeste prostor najveće koncentracije starih srpskih manastira. U radu je sa matematičko-geografskog stanovišta analizirana orijentacija crkava svih devet tamošnjih manastira, sa težištem na crkve šest manastira koje potiču iz tzv. produženog srednjeg veka. Od njih šest, tačno ka ravnodnevačkom istoku usmerena je samo osa crkve Sv. Trojice. Uzimajući u obzir sredstva i metode koje je mogao koristiti protomajstor, tačnom se može smatrati i orijentacija crkve manastira Vavedenje čiji je otklon samo 4°. Taj otklon mogao je biti i posledica proto-majstorove zablude o datumu ravnodnevice, isto kao i otklon ose crkve manastira Sretenja. Osa crkve manstira Blagoveštenja usmerena je približno ka tački izlaska sunca letnjeg soslsticijuma. Od šest uslovno srednjovekovnih crkava, samo se osa crkve manastira Nikolje, najstarije u toj grupi, nalazi van istočnog sektora horizonta, tj. jedina ona nije orijentisana u skladu idealtipskim crkvenim pravilom

The genesis and evolution of uvalas in Gajina mlaka paleovalley on the Kučaj mountains

The evolution of Gajina mlaka paleovalley from pre-karstic to current phase reveals the complexity of process of transformation of valleys in karst and formation of fluviokarst uvalas. The creation of river network and formation of the valley of Gajina mlaka are related to successive withdrawal of the Pontiac Sea. Predominance of karstic process over fluvial causes the transformation of fluvial morphology into karstic. The degree of transformation depends on relationship of the intensity between these two opposed processes. Karstification covers all parts of Gajina mlaka valley which are built in karst. Riverbeds are almost completely transformed and dolines are formed along them. In the parts of valleys with more significant lithologic differences, more complex tectonic relationships and different pre-karstic fluvial morphology, larger forms of relief are created by karstic process and they are called uvalas. According to the presented method of genesis and evolution of uvalas it can be concluded that they are clearly morphologically and genetically individualized karst landforms, which negates some contemporary opinions that exclude both the term and form uvala as karstic element of relief

Orientation of the monastery churches of Ovčar-Kablar gorge (the Republic of Serbia)

Ovčar-Kablar gorge is after Fruška Gora Mountain the area with the largest number of old Serbian monasteries. This paper analyzes church orientation of all nine monasteries of the gorge from mathematical-geographical point of view, focusing on the churches of six monasteries that originate from the so called extended Middle Ages. Of these six churches only the axis of the Church of the Holy Trinity is directed exactly to the equinoctial east. Considering the means and methods that the chief architect could use, the orientation of monastery church of Vavedenje (“Presentation of Mary”) with the aberration of only 4° can be also regarded as accurate. Moreover, this aberration could be the consequence of a mistake made by the chief architect about the date of equinox, which is also the case with the aberration of the monastery church of Sretenje (“Presentation of Our Lord”). The axis of the monastery church of Blagoveštenje (“Annunciation”) is approximately directed to the point of the sunrise of summer solstice. Only the axis of the monastery church of Nikolje (“St Nicholas”), the oldest in the group of six of conditionally medieval churches, is out of the eastern sector of the horizon i.e. only this axis is not oriented in accordance with the ideal-type church rule