Interdisciplinary characterisation and environmental imprints of mining and forestry in the upper Durance valley (France) during the Holocene

International audienceThe upper Durance valley contains the largest silverelead mines of the French Southern Alps. We investigated the characterisation and impact of these mining activities and associated forestry in the Argentière (L'Argentière-La Bessée) and Faravel (Freissinières) districts using a multidisciplinary approach that includes archaeological, palynological, geochemical, anthracological and dendrochrono-logical studies applied to mining remnants and a peat bog (Fangeas, in the Faravel district). More specifically , we studied the occurrence of lead contamination episodes, the chronology of mining activities and their link to the evolution in woodland cover. Our chronology is based on mining archaeology, radiocarbon dating of about thirty charcoal samples and the dendrochronological analysis of more than 170 specimens of exhumed waterlogged wood. The anthracological analysis was established with more than 10,000 charcoals from firesetting. The main geochemical approach was based on the analysis of lead and its stable isotopes in sediment fractions from a peat core. The combination of palynological records and lead isotope imprints were used to characterise (i) a Roman contamination episode unknown to archaeology, (ii) the development of medieval mining activities and (iii) the reactivation of mining during the Modern period and the Industrial Revolution. Medieval mining coincides with an extension of the high mountain agropastoral areas. The in situ continuous human activities in the same industrial territory led to rational communal management of subalpine forests, but also to their parcelling that reached its peak in the High Middle Ages. Mining during the Modern period coincides with significant stress on woodland areas that also appears to be related to lumber and fuel timber production for shipyards (French Royal Navy) as well as the functioning of several military fortresses. The mining reactivation during the 19th c. matched public measures of forest protection that took shape in the afforestation programme of the uplands

Genome-wide association study identifies multiple susceptibility loci for diffuse large B cell lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoma subtype and is clinically aggressive. To identify genetic susceptibility loci for DLBCL, we conducted a meta-analysis of three new genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and one prior scan, totaling 3,857 cases and 7,666 controls of European ancestry, with additional genotyping of nine promising SNPs in 1,359 cases and 4,557 controls. In our multi-stage analysis, five independent SNPs in four loci achieved genome-wide significance marked by rs116446171 at 6p25.3 (EXOC2; $P=2.33x10^{-21}$), rs2523607 at 6p21.33 (HLA-B; $2.40x10^{-10}$), rs79480871 at 2p23.3 (NCOA1; $P=4.23x10^{-8}$), and two independent SNPs, rs13255292 and rs4733601, at 8q24.21 (PVT1; $P=9.98x10^{-13}$ and $P=3.63x10^{-11}$, respectively). These data provide substantial new evidence for genetic susceptibility to this B-cell malignancy, and point towards pathways involved in immune recognition and immune function in the pathogenesis of DLBCL

The bii4africa dataset of faunal and floral population intactness estimates across Africa’s major land uses

Sub-Saharan Africa is under-represented in global biodiversity datasets, particularly regarding the impact of land use on species’ population abundances. Drawing on recent advances in expert elicitation to ensure data consistency, 200 experts were convened using a modified-Delphi process to estimate ‘intactness scores’: the remaining proportion of an ‘intact’ reference population of a species group in a particular land use, on a scale from 0 (no remaining individuals) to 1 (same abundance as the reference) and, in rare cases, to 2 (populations that thrive in human-modified landscapes). The resulting bii4africa dataset contains intactness scores representing terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods: ±5,400 amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) and vascular plants (±45,000 forbs, graminoids, trees, shrubs) in sub-Saharan Africa across the region’s major land uses (urban, cropland, rangeland, plantation, protected, etc.) and intensities (e.g., large-scale vs smallholder cropland). This dataset was co-produced as part of the Biodiversity Intactness Index for Africa Project. Additional uses include assessing ecosystem condition; rectifying geographic/ taxonomic biases in global biodiversity indicators and maps; and informing the Red List of Ecosystems

The bii4africa dataset of faunal and floral population intactness estimates across Africa’s major land uses

Sub-Saharan Africa is under-represented in global biodiversity datasets, particularly regarding the impact of land use on species’ population abundances. Drawing on recent advances in expert elicitation to ensure data consistency, 200 experts were convened using a modified-Delphi process to estimate ‘intactness scores’: the remaining proportion of an ‘intact’ reference population of a species group in a particular land use, on a scale from 0 (no remaining individuals) to 1 (same abundance as the reference) and, in rare cases, to 2 (populations that thrive in human-modified landscapes). The resulting bii4africa dataset contains intactness scores representing terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods: ±5,400 amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) and vascular plants (±45,000 forbs, graminoids, trees, shrubs) in sub-Saharan Africa across the region’s major land uses (urban, cropland, rangeland, plantation, protected, etc.) and intensities (e.g., large-scale vs smallholder cropland). This dataset was co-produced as part of the Biodiversity Intactness Index for Africa Project. Additional uses include assessing ecosystem condition; rectifying geographic/taxonomic biases in global biodiversity indicators and maps; and informing the Red List of Ecosystems

Dynamique du transfert du plomb de pollution dans l'Atlantique nord est depuis l'atmosphere jusqu'au sediment

SIGLECNRS T Bordereau / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Lead isotopes reveal different sources of lead in balsamic and other vinegars

International audienceFifty-eight brands of balsamic vinegars were analyzed for lead concentrations and isotopic compositions ((204)Pb, (206)Pb, (207)Pb, and (208)Pb) to test the findings of a previous study indicating relatively high levels of lead contamination in some of those vinegars more than two thirds (70%) of them exceeded California's State Maximum Level (34 mu g/L) based on consumption rates >= 0.5 mu g Pb per day. The Lead isotopic fingerprints of all those vinegars with high lead concentrations were then found to be primarily anthropogenic. This isotopic analysis unquestionably reveals multiple contamination sources including atmospheric pollutant Pb and an unidentified contamination source, likely occurring after grape harvest. Organically grown grape vinegars display the same Pb content and isotopic signatures as other vinegars. This implies that pesticides might not be a significant source of pollutant Pb in vinegars. A significant post-harvest contamination would be inherited from chemicals added during production and/or material used during transport, processing or storage of these vinegars. This is consistent with the highest Pb levels being found in aged vinegars (112 +/- 112 mu g/L) in contrast to other vinegars (41.6 +/- 28.9 mu g/L) suggesting contamination during storage. It is, therefore, projected that lead levels in most vinegars, especially aged balsamic and wine vinegars, will decrease with improvements in their manufacture and storage processes consequential to recent concerns of elevated levels of lead in some vinegars. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Mobilité des éléments selon les alternances aérobie-anaérobie dans un écosystème rizicole en Camargue

Les conditions d'oxydo-réduction dans les sols des zones humides, cultivés ou en friche, influent sur les mécanismes de mobilisation et d'immobilisation des éléments chimiques. La mobilité des éléments est étudiée dans des rizières de Camargue, dont les sols sont issus du comblement récent d'un paléochenal du Rhône. Les processus qui régissent les eaux de nappe sont déterminés à partir d'une acquisition en continu in situ des paramètres physico-chimiques. L'impact des alternances aérobie-anaérobie, liées au cycle annuel d'irrigation ou à des pluies orageuses, est analysé à haute fréquence dans les eaux de la nappe et de la lame de submersion.Dans la zone saturée du sol, en profondeur, ces perturbations engendrent précipitation et dissolution de phases minérales telles que carbonates et oxydes. En période irriguée, ces minéraux précipitent tandis qu'en période non irriguée, leur dissolution est amorcée. Il existe un horizon non saturé situé de 40 à 80 cm de profondeur, entre la surface piézométrique et la semelle de labour de la rizière. Dans l'horizon submergé de la rizière, silice, fer et plomb sont soumis à des fluctuations saisonnières, liées aux conditions réductrices et à l'activité du riz. Les teneurs en fer, manganèse et magnésium des eaux ne sont pas contrôlées par les phases minéralogiques connues. L'acidification à pH 4 pendant les quatorze jours de la période de pré-reproduction du riz fournit des éléments nutritifs à partir de la dissolution de minéraux. Les argiles mal cristallisées et les phytolithes sont altérés pour fournir du silicium à la plante.AIX-MARSEILLE3-BU Sc.St Jérô (130552102) / SudocSudocFranceF