10x224-Gb/s POLMUX-16QAM transmission over 656 km of large-Aeff PSCF with a special efficiency of 5.6 b/s/Hz

We demonstrate the successful transmission of 10 channels with 224-Gb/s POLMUX-16QAM modulation (28 GBaud) on a 37.5-GHz wavelength grid. Using large-Aeff pure-silica-core fibers we show a 656-km transmission distance with a spectral efficiency of 5.6 b/s/Hz. We report a back-to-back performance penalty of 3.5 dB compared to theoretical limits at the forward-error correction (FEC) limit (bit-error rate of 3.8·10-3), and a margin of 0.5 dB in Q-factor with respect to the FEC-limit after 656 km of transmission

111 Gb/s transmission with compensation of FBG-induced phase ripple enabled by coherent detection and digital signal processing

We demonstrate that coherent detection combined with digital signal processing can completely compensate for FBG induced phase-ripple. We report penalty free transmission of 40×111-Gb/s POLMUX-RZ-DQPSK over 1,425-km of SSMF with FBG for in-line dispersion compensatio

A comparison between SSMF and large-Aeff Pure-Silica core fiber for Ultra Long-Haul 100G transmission

We compare the transmission performance of 112-Gb/s POLMUX-QPSK modulation over large-Aeff Pure-Silica core fiber and SSMF using EDFA-only amplification. The higher nonlinear threshold of the large-Aeff Pure-Silica core fiber allows for a 55% increase in transmission distance. By using back-propagation an additional 10% increase is observed. In case spans with equal length for both fiber types and two splices per span only would have been used, resulting in a lower span loss for the large-Aeff Pure-Silica core fiber, the total increase grows to 85%

A study of compliance post-OFT infringement action

This article considers compliance with competition law among a particular sub-set of UK companies. The research was principally motivated by the reform of UK competition law in the late 1990's and the introduction of new investigatory and fining powers for the UK competition authorities, with potentially very serious consequences for companies in breach of competition law. There has been fairly extensive research into competition law compliance in Australia, and in particular, a Report based on a recent ACCC Enforcement and Compliance Survey noted that:- 'Those who have interacted with or been investigated by the ACCC generally report themselves to be more compliant.' Accordingly, in this research we sought to ascertain the extent to which an infringement finding by the OFT altered awareness of, attitudes to, and methods of compliance with competition law. This was undertaken by forwarding a questionnaire to all parties which were the subject of an infringement decision by the OFT under the Competition Act 1998. The research considers the extent to which competition law compliance, and the motivations for instituting an effective compliance programme, have been affected by enforcement action by the Office of Fair Trading under the Competition Act 1998

A methodology for the evaluation of competition policy

The paper develops a methodology for the evaluation of competition policy. Based on the existing literature and experiences with policy evaluations in other areas of economic activity, the three-step / nine-building-blocks methodology provides guidance for evaluation projects and also assists in the identification of avenues for further academic research

Comparative Analysis of PvPAP Gene Family and Their Functions in Response to Phosphorus Deficiency in Common Bean

BACKGROUND: Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) play a vital role in adaptive strategies of plants to phosphorus (P) deficiency. However, their functions in relation to P efficiency are fragmentary in common bean. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Five PvPAPs were isolated and sequenced in common bean. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PvPAPs could be classified into two groups, including a small group with low molecular mass, and a large group with high molecular mass. Among them, PvPAP3, PvPAP4 and PvPAP5 belong to the small group, while the other two belong to the large group. Transient expression of 35S:PvPAPs-GFP on onion epidermal cells verified the variations of subcellular localization among PvPAPs, suggesting functional diversities of PvPAPs in common bean. Quantitative PCR results showed that most PvPAPs were up-regulated by phosphate (Pi) starvation. Among them, the expression of the small group PvPAPs responded more to Pi starvation, especially in the roots of G19833, the P-efficient genotype. However, only overexpressing PvPAP1 and PvPAP3 could result in significantly increased utilization of extracellular dNTPs in the transgenic bean hairy roots. Furthermore, overexpressing PvPAP3 in Arabidopsis enhanced both plant growth and total P content when dNTPs were supplied as the sole external P source. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that PvPAPs in bean varied in protein structure, response to P deficiency and subcellular localization. Among them, both PvPAP1 and PvPAP3 might function as utilization of extracellular dNTPs