12 research outputs found
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Magnet system for the time projection chamber at PEP
A superconducting solenoid with a conductive bore tube is under construction for use with the time projection chamber (TPC) detector at PEP. It will be a uniform induction of 1.5 T over a 6.3 m/sup 3/ volume. Its stored energy will be 11 MJ while maintaining a radiation thickness of 0.3 radiation lengths for the coil package. The coil will operate at a current density of 7 x 10/sup 8/ Am/sup -2/ and it will be cooled by force flow two phase helium in a tube. The final design details are given here
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TPC magnet cryogenic system
The Time Projection Chamber (TPC) magnet at LBL and its compensation solenoids are adiabatically stable superconducting solenoid magnets. The cryogenic system developed for the TPC magnet is discussed. This system uses forced two-phase tubular cooling with the two cryogens in the system. The liquid helium and liquid nitrogen are delivered through the cooled load by forced tubular flow. The only reservoirs of liquid cryogen exist in the control dewar (for liquid helium) and the conditioner dewar (for liquid nitrogen). The operation o these systems during virtually all phases of system operation are described. Photographs and diagrams of various system components are shown, and cryogenic system data are presented in the following sections: (1) heat leaks into the TPC coil package and the compensation solenoids; (2) heat leaks to various components of the TPC magnet cryogenics system besides the magnets and control dewar; (3) the control dewar and its relationship to the rest of the system; (4) the conditioner system and its role in cooling down the TPC magnet; (5) gas-cooled electrical leads and charging losses; and (6) a summation of the liquid helium and liquid nitrogen requirements for the TPC superconducting magnet system
Alterations in the serum electrolyte levels of women during high altitude (4,300 m) acclimatization
Reformulation and Decomposition of Integer Programs
We examine ways to reformulate integer and mixed integer programs. Typically, but not exclusively, one reformulates so as to obtain stronger linear programming relaxations, and hence better bounds for use in a branch-and-bound based algorithm. First we cover reformulations based on decomposition, such as Lagrangean relaxation, the Dantzig-Wolfe reformulation and the resulting column generation and branch-and-price algorithms. This is followed by an examination of Benders' type algorithms based on projection. Finally we discuss extended formulations involving additional variables that are based on problem structure. These can often be used to provide strengthened a priori formulations. Reformulations obtained by adding cutting planes in the original variables are not treated here