SARS-CoV-2 introductions and early dynamics of the epidemic in Portugal

Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Portugal was rapidly implemented by the National Institute of Health in the early stages of the COVID-19 epidemic, in collaboration with more than 50 laboratories distributed nationwide. Methods By applying recent phylodynamic models that allow integration of individual-based travel history, we reconstructed and characterized the spatio-temporal dynamics of SARSCoV-2 introductions and early dissemination in Portugal. Results We detected at least 277 independent SARS-CoV-2 introductions, mostly from European countries (namely the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, and Switzerland), which were consistent with the countries with the highest connectivity with Portugal. Although most introductions were estimated to have occurred during early March 2020, it is likely that SARS-CoV-2 was silently circulating in Portugal throughout February, before the first cases were confirmed. Conclusions Here we conclude that the earlier implementation of measures could have minimized the number of introductions and subsequent virus expansion in Portugal. This study lays the foundation for genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Portugal, and highlights the need for systematic and geographically-representative genomic surveillance.We gratefully acknowledge to Sara Hill and Nuno Faria (University of Oxford) and Joshua Quick and Nick Loman (University of Birmingham) for kindly providing us with the initial sets of Artic Network primers for NGS; Rafael Mamede (MRamirez team, IMM, Lisbon) for developing and sharing a bioinformatics script for sequence curation (https://github.com/rfm-targa/BioinfUtils); Philippe Lemey (KU Leuven) for providing guidance on the implementation of the phylodynamic models; Joshua L. Cherry (National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) for providing guidance with the subsampling strategies; and all authors, originating and submitting laboratories who have contributed genome data on GISAID (https://www.gisaid.org/) on which part of this research is based. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the view of the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Health and Human Services, or the United States government. This study is co-funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Agência de Investigação Clínica e Inovação Biomédica (234_596874175) on behalf of the Research 4 COVID-19 call. Some infrastructural resources used in this study come from the GenomePT project (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022184), supported by COMPETE 2020 - Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), Lisboa Portugal Regional Operational Programme (Lisboa2020), Algarve Portugal Regional Operational Programme (CRESC Algarve2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

COMPARATIVE BIOLOGICAL DATA OF Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. SMITH, 1797) (LEPDOTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN COTTON AND MAIZE DADOS BIOLÓGICOS COMPARATIVOS DE Spodoptera frugiperda (L. E. Smith, 1797) (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) EM ALGODOEIRO E MILHO

&lt;!-- @page { margin: 2cm } --&gt; &lt;p class="western" align="justify"&gt;This research deals with the compared biology of &lt;em&gt;Spodoptera&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;frugiperda&lt;/em&gt; (J.E. Smnith, 1797) on a natural diet consisting of leaves of the cotton plant (cultivar ";IAC-17"; and leaves of a hybrid corn plant (";HMD-7974";)). The experiment was carried out under the following conditions: temperature, 25 +/- 2°C, moisture, 60 +/- 10% R.H. light, a 14-hour photoperiod. The following biological parameters were observed: egg stage: incubation period and viability; larval stage duration, number of instars, weight and viability; pupal stage: duration, weight and viability; adult stage: preoviposition period, fecundity and longevity. Generally speaking within these parameters, the results differed statistically, showing that the insects prefer the leaves of the corn plant.&lt;/p&gt;<br>&lt;!-- @page { margin: 2cm } --&gt; &lt;p class="western" align="justify"&gt;Estudou-se a biologia comparada de &lt;em&gt;Spodoptera&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;frugiperda&lt;/em&gt; (J.E. Smith, 1797) em dietas naturais (folhas de algodoeiro do cultivar "IAC-17" e folhas de milho provenientes do híbrido "HMD-7974"). O ensaio foi conduzido à temperatura de 25 +/- 2°C, U.R. de 60 +/- 10% e fotoperíodo de 14 horas. Foram determinados em cada substrato: número e duração dos instares larvais, duração, peso e viabilidade larval, duração, peso e viabilidade pupal , período de pré-oviposição, fecundidade e longevidade dos adultos e período de incubação e viabilidade dos ovos. De modo geral, os resultados observados para esses parâmetros, diferiram estatisticamente, indicando a preferência das lagartas pelas folhas de milho.&lt;/p&gt

PRESERVATION OF CORN FROM THE ATTACK OF Sitophilus spp. (COLEOPTERA - CIRCULIONIDAE) WITH ABAMECTIN PRESERVAÇÃO DE MILHO A GRANEL COM ABAMECTIN CONTRA O ATAQUE DE Sitophilus spp. (Coleoptera – Circulionidae)

&lt;!-- @page { margin: 2cm } --&gt; &lt;p class="western" align="justify"&gt;This study was carried out to test alternative products in the Sitophilus spp control. In grain stored corn were tested the products and doses: abamectin 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 ppm; pirimifós-metil 1.0 ppm; deltamethrina 0.4 ppm + fenitrothion 7.5 ppm. The recorded results showed high efficiency to abamectin in all tested doses. With 3.0 and 5.0 ppm the abamectin showed 100% efficiency in comparison with pirimifós-metil and deltamethrina + fenitrothion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;!-- @page { margin: 2cm } --&gt; &lt;p class="western" align="justify"&gt;Com o propósito de testar produtos alternativos no controle de Sitophilus spp. em milho armazenado em grãos, realizou-se o presente trabalho, avaliando-se a eficiência do abamectin nas dosagens de 1,0; 3,0 e 5,0 ppm, comparando-se com pirimifós-metil na dosagem de 10 ppm e com a mistura de deltamethrina a 0,4 ppm, mais fenitrothion a 7,5 ppm. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o inseticida abamectin apresentou alta eficiência em todas as dosagens testadas, sendo que nas de 3,0 e 5,0 ppm houve 100% de eficiência quando comparados com pirimifós-metil e deltametrina + fenitrothion.&lt;/p&gt

OCORRÊNCIA E ÍNDICE DE INFESTAÇÃO DE Anastrepha spp. (DIP., TEPHRITIADE) EM Pouteria gardneriana Radlk. E Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk. (SAPOTACEAE), NOS CERRADOS DE GOIÁS OCCURENCE AND INFESTATION INDEXES OF Anastrepha spp. (DIP., TEPHIRITIDAE) IN Pouteria gardneriana RADLK AND Pouteria ramjflora (MART.) RADLK. (SAPOTACEAE) IN “CERRADOS” OF THE STATE OF GOIÁS, BRAZIL

&lt;!-- @page { margin: 2cm } --&gt; &lt;p class="western" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Dentre as frutíferas nativas dos cerrados goianos destacam-se as do gênero &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pouteria&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, com ampla distribuição nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais de todo o mundo, sendo a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. ramiflora&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; (curriola) a mais comum. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pouteria&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;gardneriana&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; (guapeva) ocorre geralmente nos solos mais úmidos, sempre agrupada na faixa de separação cerrados-veredas. Dos 25 municípios do Estado de Goiás amostrados, em nove foi registrada a ocorrência dessas duas espécies de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pouteria&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, cujos frutos são bastante suscetíveis ao ataque de moscas-das-frutas. Dos frutos de guapeva e curriola, emergiram adultos de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Anastrepha&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; (99,82%) e apenas alguns exemplares de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ceratitis&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;capitata&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; (0,18%). As espécies coletadas em &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. gardneriana&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; foram: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Anastrepha&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;bistrigata&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. fraterculus&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. leptozona&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. serpentina&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. zenildae&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. zernyi&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; e &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;C. capitata&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;. De &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. ramiflora&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; foram obtidas: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. fraterculus&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. leptozona&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. serpentina&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; e &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. zernyi&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;. Dos pupários de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Anastrepha&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; emergiram exemplares de parasitóides pertencentes à família &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Braconidae&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; (97,70%) e &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Eucoilidae&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; (2,30%). As espécies &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Doryctobracon&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;areolatus&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; e &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Doryctobracon&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;sp. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;(provavelmente espécie nova) são os parasitóides mais comuns nas áreas amostradas. O índice de infestação das moscas-das-frutas foi de 85,92 e 196,31 pupários/kg de fruto de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. gardneriana&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; e de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. ramiflora,&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; respectivamente, sendo consideradas como hospedeiras naturais principalmente para &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Anastrepha&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. gardneriana&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; e &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. ramiflora&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; são registradas pela primeira vez como hospedeiros de moscas-das-frutas, sendo também a primeira constatação das espécies &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. leptozona&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. serpentina&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. zenildae&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; e &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. zernyi&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; ocorrendo no Estado de Goiás e, também, o primeiro registro da ocorrência de parasitóides de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Anastrepha&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; em &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. gardneriana&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; e &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. Ramiflora&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="western" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;PALAVRAS-CHAVE: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Insecta&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;; moscas-das-frutas; hospedeiros; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sapotaceae&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;; parasitóides.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br>&lt;!-- @page { margin: 2cm } --&gt; &lt;p class="western" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;The genus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pouteria&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; is the most common natural fruit tree in Goiás (Brazil) savanna and it is spread over all tropical and subtropical regions. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pouteria&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;ramiflora&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; is the most common and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. gardneriana&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; often occurs in wet soil, always gathered between “cerrado” and “veredas” (another typical vegetation). Among 25 sampled towns, nine registered both &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pouteria&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;species&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, which fruits are very susceptible to the fruit flies. The majority of flies belonged to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Anastrepha&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;genus&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; (99.82%) and only some to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ceratitis&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;capitata&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; (0.18%). From &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. gardneriana&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; it was collected &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Anastrepha&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;bistrigata&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. fraterculus&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. Ieptozona&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. serpentina&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. zenildae&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. zernyi&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;C. capitata&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;. From &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. ramiflora&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; it was obtained &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. fraterculus&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. leptozona&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. serpentina&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. zernyi.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; From larvae/puparia of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Anastrepha&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, parasitoids were reared belonging to family &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Braconidae&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; (97.70%) and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Eucoilidae&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; (2.30%). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Doryctobracon&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;areolatus&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Doryctobracon&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;sp.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; (probably new species) are the most common parasitoid species sampled. The fruit fly infestation indexes were 85.92 and 196.31 puparia/kg of fruit in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. gardneriana&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;P.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;ramiflora&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, respectively. So, these two Pouteria species may be considered natural fruit fly repositories in Goiás State (Brazil), mainly for Anastrepha. This is the first report of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. gardneriana&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. ramiflora&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; as host of fruit flies. It is also the first record of A. leptozona, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. serpentina&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. zenildae&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A. zernyi&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; in the state of Goiás as well as the first record of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;braconid&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; parasitoids obtained from puparia of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Anastrepha&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. gardneriana&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; and P. ramiflora.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="western" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;KEY-WORDS: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Insecta&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sapotaceae&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;host plants; fruit flies; parasitoids.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt

ENSAIO DE CONTROLE QUÍMICO ÀS PRINCIPAIS LAGARTAS E PERCEVEJOS DA SOJA EM GOIÁS ESSAY ON CHEMICAL CONTROL OF THE MAIN LARVAS AND CHINCH BUGS OF SOYBEAN IN GOIÁS

&lt;!-- @page { margin: 2cm } --&gt; &lt;p class="western" align="justify"&gt;Foi realizado em 1979/80, um ensaio de campo visando a avaliar a eficiência e adequar as doses dos inseticidas Bacillus thuringienses, Carbaryl , Clorpirifos , Deltametrina, Deltametrina + S 339, Endosulfan, Metil Paration, monocrotofos e triclorfon no combate a Anticarsia gemmatalis e Pseudoplusia includens. No mesmo ano, usaram-se os inseticidas Carbaryl Cyanamid AC 222 705, Deltametrina, Deltametrina + S 339, Dimetoato, Endosulfan, FMC 35001, Metil Paration, Monocrotofos, Permetrina, Phosalone + Paration Etil e Triciorfon, para o controle de Piezodorus guildinii, Nezara viridula e Euschistus heros. Todos os tratamentos foram aplicados em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. As avaliações de controle para lagartas foram efetuadas em 1, 2 e 7 dias após aplicação e para percevejos foram efetuadas em 2 e 7 dias após aplicação. Pelos resultados obtidos, verificou-se o seguinte: a)A. gemmatalis foi sensível à maioria dos produtos; b)apenas Clorpirifos Etil, Hetil Paration e Triclorfon não apresentaram eficiência acima de 80% para P. includens sete dias após a aplicação; c) os inseticidas Monocrotofos, Metil Paration, Carbaryl e FMC 35001 mostraram eficiência acima de 80% para as espécies N. viridula e P. guildinii; Endosulfon e Dimetoato foram eficientes para controlar P. guildinii e E. heros.&lt;/p&gt;<br>&lt;!-- @page { margin: 2cm } --&gt; &lt;p class="western" align="justify"&gt;During the 1979/80 planting period, a field test was performed to estimate the insecticides efficiency and adjust their doses in order to control Anticarsia qemmatalis and Pseudoplusia includens and also Piezodorus guildinii, Nezara viridula and Euschistus heros. For A. gemmatalis and P. includens control, the following insecticides were used: Baccilus thuringienses, Carbaryl, Clorpirifos, Decamethrin + S 339, Dimetoate, Endosulfan, Methyl Parathion, Monocrotophos and Triclorfon. For stink bugs, the insecticides used were: Carbaryil, Cianamid AC 222 705, Decamethrin, Decamethrin + S 339, Dimetoate, Endosulfan, FMC 35001, Methyl Parathion, Monocrotophos, Permethrin, Phosalone + Parathion Ethyl and Triclorfon. The statistic design was the randomized blocks with four replications. The control and estimation for the caterpillars were realized in 1, 2 and 7 days after the insecticides application, and for Stink bugs were in 2 and 7 days after the insecticides applications. The results are as follows: a) A. gemmatalis was sensitive to all products tested; b) for P. includens, the insecticide Clorpirifos Ethyl , Methyl Parathion and Triclorfon didn’t show efficiency above 80% after seven (7) days application; c) for N. viridula and P. guildinii, the efficiency of Monocrotofos, Methyl Parathion, Carbaryl and FMC 35001 was above 80%; d) Endosulfan and Dimetoate showed excellent efficiency in control P. guildinii and E. heros.&lt;/p&gt

Produção de frutos e caracterização de ambientes de ocorrência de plantas nativas de araticum no cerrado de Goiás Fruit production and environment characterization of the occurrence of native plants of araticum in the Cerrado of Goiás state

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de frutos de araticum no Cerrado do Estado de Goiás. Foram selecionadas, para a realização do trabalho, 14 áreas de ocorrência natural do araticum no Estado de Goiás, de janeiro de 2000 a julho de 2002. Em cada área, foram selecionadas de 30 a 40 plantas adultas de araticum. O delineamento experimental adotado corresponde ao modelo hierárquico, para produção de frutos, sendo os dados obtidos submetidos à análise de variância. A estrutura espacial da variação fenotípica entre as populações das áreas analisadas foi investigada a partir do critério de ligação UPGMA. Os resultados demonstraram que a produção de frutos de araticum é baixa e variável entre as áreas e entre os anos, sendo a média de 2,97 aproveitáveis e de 1,37 frutos inaproveitáveis por planta. A variação fenotípica de caracteres morfológicos entre populações de araticum do Estado de Goiás não apresenta um padrão de estruturação espacial. A produção de frutos por planta é muito variável, sendo que algumas plantas apresentam características produtivas e de qualidade aparente de frutos que as credenciam com potencial para plantas-matrizes. As principais pragas que atacam os frutos de araticum são: Spermologus funereus, Cerconota anonella e Bephratelloides pomorum. A pressão antrópica sobre os ambientes naturais de produção de araticum tem reduzido a produção atual e pode inviabilizar as produções futuras.<br>This study had the objective to evaluate the production of araticum fruits in the Cerrado of the Goiás State. Fourteen areas with high natural occurrences of araticum in the whole state were selected from January 2000 to July 2002. In each area, thirty to forty mother trees were selected. The experimental research corresponds to the hierarchical model for the fruit production, and that means that the original data was submitted to an analysis of variance. The spatial phenotypic structure variation among populations was investigated through dendrograms by the UPGMA linking criterion. The results demonstrated that the production of araticum fruits is low and changeable in areas and years, and the average corresponds to 2.97 usable fruits and 1.37 not usable fruits per plant. The phenotypic variation of morphologic characters between populations of araticum of the Goiás state does not present a standard of space arrangement. The production of fruits per plant is very changeable, since some plants present productive and apparent quality characteristics of fruits that make them potential plants matrix. The main pests that attack the fruits of araticum are: Spermologus funereus, Cerconota anonella and Bephratelloides pomorum. The anthropic pressure on natural environments of production of araticum has reduced the current production and can make the future productions impracticable