Discovery, Synthesis, And Structure-Based Optimization of a Series of <i>N</i>‑(<i>tert</i>-Butyl)-2‑(<i>N</i>‑arylamido)-2-(pyridin-3-yl) Acetamides (ML188) as Potent Noncovalent Small Molecule Inhibitors of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 3CL Protease

A high-throughput screen of the NIH molecular libraries sample collection and subsequent optimization of a lead dipeptide-like series of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) main protease (3CLpro) inhibitors led to the identification of probe compound ML188 (<b>16-(<i>R</i>)</b>, (<i>R</i>)-<i>N</i>-(4-(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­phenyl)-<i>N</i>-(2-(<i>tert</i>-butylamino)-2-oxo-1-(pyridin-3-yl)­ethyl)­furan-2-carboxamide, Pubchem CID: 46897844). Unlike the majority of reported coronavirus 3CLpro inhibitors that act via covalent modification of the enzyme, <b>16-(<i>R</i>)</b> is a noncovalent SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibitor with moderate MW and good enzyme and antiviral inhibitory activity. A multicomponent Ugi reaction was utilized to rapidly explore structure–activity relationships within S_1′, S₁, and S₂ enzyme binding pockets. The X-ray structure of SARS-CoV 3CLpro bound with <b>16-(<i>R</i>)</b> was instrumental in guiding subsequent rounds of chemistry optimization. <b>16-(<i>R</i>)</b> provides an excellent starting point for the further design and refinement of 3CLpro inhibitors that act by a noncovalent mechanism of action