Availability and Utilization of Digital Marketing Strategies among Fresh African Catfish Marketers in Omambala Region of Anambra State, Nigeria

This study examined the availability and utilization of digital marketing strategies among fresh African catfish marketers in Omambala region of Anambra State, Nigeria. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data collected from 120 respondents. The finding of the study confirmed that fresh catfish marketing in the study area is a source of livelihood engaged by marketers who were mostly married, with a mean age of 33 years and an average fresh catfish marketing experience of 10 years. 79.2% of these marketers were female while 77.5% of them had formal education up to the secondary school level. The average household size was 6 persons while personal saving was their main source of income. Social media, YouTube, websites, and mobile applications were the digital marketing strategies available to them. Their perception of the benefits of digital marketing includes easy access to unlimited geographical location and information, its less expensive nature, convenient store hours, and increased customer base, sales, and profit. Findings on the level of utilization of digital marketing strategies (LOUDMS) amongst the marketers showed that there were high levels of utilization of social media marketing, video marketing/YouTube, Mobile applications, and websites, with social media marketing being the most utilized. High cost of mobile phones and laptops, inadequate operating capital, poor power supply, computer literacy, huge advertisement and internet subscription cost, limited access to the internet, and lack of awareness were the identified constraints to the marketers’ utilization of digital marketing strategies. Age of the marketers had a negative effect on their LOUDMS, while educational qualification, marketing experience and availability of funds had a positive effect on their LOUDMS. The study concluded that fresh catfish marketing is a source of livelihood in the study area and the marketers utilize some digital marketing strategies. We, therefore, recommended that these fresh catfish marketers be given financial support and more awareness created on other digital marketing strategies for increased income and livelihood

Availability and Utilization of Digital Marketing Strategies among Fresh African Catfish Marketers in Omambala Region of Anambra State, Nigeria

This study examined the availability and utilization of digital marketing strategies among fresh African catfish marketers in Omambala region of Anambra State, Nigeria. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data collected from 120 respondents. The finding of the study confirmed that fresh catfish marketing in the study area is a source of livelihood engaged by marketers who were mostly married, with a mean age of 33 years and an average fresh catfish marketing experience of 10 years. 79.2% of these marketers were female while 77.5% of them had formal education up to the secondary school level. The average household size was 6 persons while personal saving was their main source of income. Social media, YouTube, websites, and mobile applications were the digital marketing strategies available to them. Their perception of the benefits of digital marketing includes easy access to unlimited geographical location and information, its less expensive nature, convenient store hours, and increased customer base, sales, and profit. Findings on the level of utilization of digital marketing strategies (LOUDMS) amongst the marketers showed that there were high levels of utilization of social media marketing, video marketing/YouTube, Mobile applications, and websites, with social media marketing being the most utilized. High cost of mobile phones and laptops, inadequate operating capital, poor power supply, computer literacy, huge advertisement and internet subscription cost, limited access to the internet, and lack of awareness were the identified constraints to the marketers’ utilization of digital marketing strategies. Age of the marketers had a negative effect on their LOUDMS, while educational qualification, marketing experience and availability of funds had a positive effect on their LOUDMS. The study concluded that fresh catfish marketing is a source of livelihood in the study area and the marketers utilize some digital marketing strategies. We, therefore, recommended that these fresh catfish marketers be given financial support and more awareness created on other digital marketing strategies for increased income and livelihood

Availability and Utilization of Digital Marketing Strategies among Fresh African Catfish Marketers in Omambala Region of Anambra State, Nigeria

This study examined the availability and utilization of digital marketing strategies among fresh African catfish marketers in Omambala region of Anambra State, Nigeria. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data collected from 120 respondents. The finding of the study confirmed that fresh catfish marketing in the study area is a source of livelihood engaged by marketers who were mostly married, with a mean age of 33 years and an average fresh catfish marketing experience of 10 years. 79.2% of these marketers were female while 77.5% of them had formal education up to the secondary school level. The average household size was 6 persons while personal saving was their main source of income. Social media, YouTube, websites, and mobile applications were the digital marketing strategies available to them. Their perception of the benefits of digital marketing includes easy access to unlimited geographical location and information, its less expensive nature, convenient store hours, and increased customer base, sales, and profit. Findings on the level of utilization of digital marketing strategies (LOUDMS) amongst the marketers showed that there were high levels of utilization of social media marketing, video marketing/YouTube, Mobile applications, and websites, with social media marketing being the most utilized. High cost of mobile phones and laptops, inadequate operating capital, poor power supply, computer literacy, huge advertisement and internet subscription cost, limited access to the internet, and lack of awareness were the identified constraints to the marketers’ utilization of digital marketing strategies. Age of the marketers had a negative effect on their LOUDMS, while educational qualification, marketing experience and availability of funds had a positive effect on their LOUDMS. The study concluded that fresh catfish marketing is a source of livelihood in the study area and the marketers utilize some digital marketing strategies. We, therefore, recommended that these fresh catfish marketers be given financial support and more awareness created on other digital marketing strategies for increased income and livelihood

Hospital based study of malaria parasites in Awka Metropolis, Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria

A hospital based study of malaria parasite was carried out in three hospitals namely: Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital, Eldorado Multi-Specialist Hospital and Nnamdi Azikiwe University Medical Center in Awka Metropolis in Anambra State, Nigeria between the months of June and July 2021. 144 patients were examined to detect the presence of malaria parasite using field stain and RDT methods. The result from the study showed a total of 60.42 % prevalence of malaria parasite from the studied locations. The female had the highest prevalence of 67.47 % and 21 – 30 years aged patients recorded the highest prevalence of 72.41 %. Malaria intensity among patients showed that 60.92 % had mild infection while 36.78 % had moderate and 1.15 % had heavy infection although it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Prevalence in relation to hospitals showed that Nnamdi Azikiwe University Medical Centre had the highest infection rate of 68.75 % while Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital had the least prevalence of 53.66 %. Malaria prevalence at 60.42 % among patients attending hospitals in Awka Metropolis was alarming especially when compared with World Health Organization pre-elimination phase prevalence of 5.00 %. Following the high prevalence of malaria infection, more effort is needed in the control of malaria through public enlightenment, prompt diagnosis, and use of insecticides treated bed nets and repellants towards achieving malaria elimination in Awka Metropolis, Awka South Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria

Assessment of trace and macroelement accumulation in cyprinid juveniles as bioindicators of aquatic pollution: effects of diets and habitat preferences

Juveniles of three cyprinids with various diets and habitat preferences were collected from the Szamos River (Hungary) during a period of pollution in November 2013: the herbivorous, benthic nase ( Chondrostoma nasus ), the benthivorous, benthic barbel ( Barbus barbus ), and the omnivorous, pelagic chub ( Squalius cephalus ). Our study aimed to assess the accumulation of these elements across species with varying diets and habitat preferences, as well as their potential role in biomonitoring efforts. The Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Sr, and Zn concentration was analyzed in muscle, gills, and liver using MP-AES. The muscle and gill concentrations of Cr, Cu, Fe, and Zn increased with trophic level. At the same time, several differences were found among the trace element patterns related to habitat preferences. The trace elements, including Cd, Pb, and Zn, which exceeded threshold concentrations in the water, exhibited higher accumulations mainly in the muscle and gills of the pelagic chub. Furthermore, the elevated concentrations of trace elements in sediments (Cr, Cu, Mn) demonstrated higher accumulation in the benthic nase and barbel. Our findings show habitat preference as a key factor in juvenile bioindicator capability, advocating for the simultaneous use of pelagic and benthic juveniles to assess water and sediment pollution status

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Triplex Infections (Combined Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, and Hepatitis C Virus) among Pregnant Women in Nigeria

Objective. We systematically identified the prevalence of triplex infections (combined human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV)) in pregnancy. Methods. To gather information on the frequency of triplex infections, we searched the databases of PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Without regard to language, we utilized search terms that covered HIV, HBV, HCV, and pregnancy. Pregnant women with triplex infections of HIV, HBV, and HCV were included in studies that also examined the prevalence of triplex infections. Review Manager 5.4.1 was employed to conduct the meta-analysis. Critical appraisal and bias tool risk data were provided as percentages with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), and I2 was used as the statistical measure of heterogeneity. The checklist was created by Hoy and colleagues. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO, under the registration number CRD42020202583. Results. Eight studies involving 5314 women were included. We identified one ongoing study. Pooled prevalence of triplex infections was 0.03% (95% CI: 0.02–0.04%) according to meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis demonstrated a significantly high prevalence of 0.08% (95% CI: 0.06–0.10%; 3863 women) in HIV-positive population than 0.00% (95% CI:−0.00-0.00; 1451 women; P<0.001) in general obstetric population. Moreover, there was a significant difference in the pooled prevalence between studies published between 2001 and 2010 and between 2011 and 2021 (0.14% (95% CI: 0.12 to 0.16 versus 0.03% (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.04%; P<0.001))) and participants recruited in the period between 2001 and 2011 and between 2012 and 2021 (0.13% (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.21; p=0.002 versus 0.00% (95% CI: −0.00 to 0.00%; p=1.00))), respectively. Conclusion. The combined prevalence of prenatal triplex infections was 0.03%, with rates notably higher among the group of pregnant women who were HIV-positive and during the recruitment period that took place before 2012. This prevalence still necessitates screening for these infections as necessary