STEREOTYPING IN THE CONTEXT OF CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION

The aspect of peoples' active immigration to foreign countries is critical in the modern world. Despite the adoption of multiculturalism and tolerance policy by many countries, there are still certain barriers that make intercultural communication quite complicated. One of the most significant reasons for that is stereotyping, which affects society in every field. Many individuals tend to hold certain opinions, which may in reality be partially or completely wrong, about other social groups identified on grounds such as gender, ethnicity, race, religious beliefs, and treat them in a way corresponding to their convictions. Humans develop stereotypes when they are either unwilling or unable to obtain all of the information they would need to make fair judgments about people or situations, which is an inevitable process in the modern world. Bombarded with information from social media, which is not always accurate, one learns to accuse certain groups of political and cultural clashes. Representatives of such groups may find this type of behavior insulting, which, as a result, could potentially lead to conflicts. Seeing as conflicts are what cross-cultural communication is supposed to prevent from occurring, as it is also supposed to develop strong and lasting relationships between people of different cultural backgrounds, it is essential that we recognize such issue as stereotyping which is very problematic for successful communication today. Acknowledging cultural peculiarities and engaging in intercultural dialogue is especially critical for international trade in form of negotiation, transactions, and deals. In fact, stereotyping is a cross-cultural phenomenon, which is almost inevitable due to people's behavioral patterns and psychological components. Therefore, an in-depth study is required for uniting people and preventing all possible misunderstandings in business communication and daily life situations. The main aim of the study is to identify stereotypes about various social groups and cultures, outline their positive and negative effects on human perception, and introduce possible solutions to the problem based on the analysis of scientific studies and publications. Focusing on specific examples the study represents the reasons for certain opinions about various nationalities based on historical, traditional, and cultural aspects. The research serves the purpose of becoming a foundation for further studies in cross-cultural communication, as well as helping to execute a deeper examination of teenage and adult behavior based on stereotyping

Assessment of economic traits’ inheritance of winter rye at intraspecific hybridization

Intraspecific hybridization in winter rye selection (Secale cereale L. ssp. cereale) is a source of intrapopulation genotypic variability with the possibility of using the effect of interpopulation heterosis. The inheritance of the crop yield, the regeneration degree after overwintering and the weight of 1000 grains in reciprocal and back winter rye F1 intervarietal hybrids was established. Different types of inheritance prevailed in reciprocal and back crossings. The regeneration inheritance and the weight of 1000 grains had a specificity. Traits’ overdominance prevailed in reciprocal crossings (45% of hybrids). The yield of reciprocal hybrids was inherited mainly according to the overdominance type (68% of the hybrids), the weight of 1000 grains - according to the intermediate type (50%), regeneration - according to the overdominance type and transitionally - equally (36% each). Intermediate traits’ inheritance prevailed in back crossings (62% of hybrids). The rarest type of traits’ inheritance was complete dominance of the best parent (2 hybrids). 4 F1 hybrids with the greatest overdominance in yield, regeneration, weight of 1000 grains were allocated. The degree of true and competitive heterosis of reciprocal F1 hybrids in terms of yield was determined. The level of true heterosis of F1 hybrids in terms of yield varied within 6-123%. Economically significant competitive heterosis in terms of yield was established in 7 F1 hybrids

Synthesis of a quaternary polyprenyl ammonium salt

Reaction of primary C55-allylic alcohol moraprenol (WT3C7-9-OH, a polyprenol from mulberry leaves) with triethylamine in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride leads to a quaternary ammonium chloride with a good yield (72%) and high cis-stereoselectivity of the terminal isoprene unit. Cationic polyprenyl derivatives may be useful for transfection and immunological studies

Effects of Sponge-Derived Alkaloids on Activities of the Bacterial α-D-Galactosidase and Human Cancer Cell α-N-Acetylgalactosaminidase

During a search for glycosidase inhibitors among marine natural products, we applied an integrated in vitro and in silico approach to evaluate the potency of some aaptamines and makaluvamines isolated from marine sponges on the hydrolyzing activity of α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (α-NaGalase) from human cancer cells and the recombinant α-D-galactosidase (α-PsGal) from a marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. KMM 701. These alkaloids showed no direct inhibitory effect on the cancer α-NaGalase; but isoaaptamine (2), 9-demethylaaptamine (3), damirone B (6), and makaluvamine H (7) reduced the expression of the enzyme in the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line DLD-1 at 5 μM. Isoaaptamine (2), 9-demethylaaptamine (3), makaluvamine G (6), and zyzzyanone A (7) are slow-binding irreversible inhibitors of the bacterial α-PsGal with the inactivation rate constants (kinact) 0.12 min−1, 0.092 min−1, 0.079 min−1, and 0.037 min−1, as well as equilibrium inhibition constants (Ki) 2.70 µM, 300 µM, 411 µM, and 105 µM, respectively. Docking analysis revealed that these alkaloids bind in a pocket close to the catalytic amino acid residues Asp451 and Asp516 and form complexes, due to π-π interactions with the Trp308 residue and hydrogen bonds with the Lys449 residue. None of the studied alkaloids formed complexes with the active site of the human α-NaGalase

Prenyl sulfates as alkylating reagents for mercapto amino acids

A new methodology for prenylation of thiol compounds has been developed. The approach is based on the use of prenyl sulfates as new reagents for S-prenylation of benzenethiol and cysteamine in aqueous systems. The C10-prenols geraniol and nerol that differ in the configuration (E or Z, correspondingly) of the α-isoprene unit were efficiently O-sulfated in the presence of a pyridine-SO3' complex. The obtained geranyl and neryl sulfates were tested as alkylating agents. These compounds were chosen to reveal the influence of the α-isoprene unit configuration on their alkylation (prenylation) ability. S-Geranyl cysteine was prepared to demonstrate the applicability of this method for prenylation of peptides containing mercapto amino acids

Clinical Case Report of Non-Diabetic Hypoglycemia Due to a Combination of Germline Mutations in the <i>MEN1</i> and <i>ABCC8</i> Genes

Introduction: Non-diabetic hypoglycemia (NDH) is a collective term including the multiple causes of hypoglycemic syndrome not due to diabetes mellitus. NDH may result from insulinoma, IGF-2-omas, hypocorticism, Hirata’s disease, genital disorders of glucose metabolism, etc. One of the most common causes of NDH faced by an endocrinologist is insulinoma, which in turn can be part of the hereditary syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Congenital disorders of glucose metabolism in adult patients, on the contrary, are diagnosed extremely rarely, since they usually manifest in childhood. This article presents a unique clinical case of a patient with NDH and genetically verified MEN1 in combination with congenital hyperinsulinism due to an ABCC8 gene mutation. Case Report: A 43-year-old patient with hypoglycemic symptoms from childhood is presented, in whom multiple pancreatic tumors and fluctuations in glycemia from 38.7 mg/dL to 329.7 mg/dL (2.15 to 18.3 mmol/L) were detected in adulthood, but a mild course of hypoglycemic syndrome was noted. Numerous examinations that were performed to establish an accurate diagnosis are described, signs that served as a reason for expanding the complex of studies are indicated, possible pathogenetic mechanisms of the mild course of hypoglycemic syndrome and hyperglycemic conditions are discussed. Conclusion: This case report is original and highlights that we must always remain intolerant of the inexplicable. Conducting an extended gene study can help perform a correct diagnosis in complex cases