Investigation of using sulfur-containing gases in low-temperature fuel cell at sulfuric acid production site

The possibility and effectiveness of using sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide as the fuel in lowtemperature fuel cells at the sulfuric acid production site has been investigated. A fuel cell has been designed and constructed using palladium as a catalyst, which enables conversion of the energy of oxidation of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide to the electric energy. The experimental data showed that the use of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide as a fuel allows achieving the power of 1.0 and 0.5 mW, respectively. The comparative studies with the use of hydrogen in the same fuel cell resulted in the power of about 2.0 mW, i.e. the use of hydrogen sulfide delivers a performance comparable with that of the hydrogen. The processes of oxidizing of the sulfur containing gases are used in our company in production of sulfuric acid. Oxidation of these gases conducted using the conventional technological processes. The use of these processes to produce energy as a byproduct could be an attractive way to reduce the energy consumption of the whole process. Considering the relatively high power obtained in this work for the sulfur containing gases fed fuel cells, the substitution of conventional oxidation of sulfur containing gases in this technological chain by the fuel cell oxidation, and by-producing the electric energy, could be very profitable for the energy efficiency enhancement of the main production process. In the future work, the design and development of fuel cell catalysts and membranes to enhance the performances of sulfur containing fuel cells will be significant

High energy density ecologically friendly batteries for grid connection of renewable sources and electric vehicles

Aqueous Rechargeable lithium batteries (ARLBs) could be an attractive alternative to bypass safety issues of lithium-ion batteries with organic electrolyte. Moreover, the fast lithium diffusion in aqueous electrolyte media could allow for the operations under high electric current conditions required especially for high power supply [1]. In 1994, J. Dahn et al reported a VO2/LiMn2O4 rechargeable aqueous battery [2]. However, this type of batteries had serious issues with cyclability. In this work, we report for the first time on a system comprising in an aqueous electrolyte, and on large-scale ARLB based on this concept with enhanced cycle performance and energy density

High energy density ecologically friendly batteries for grid connection of renewable sources and electric vehicles

Aqueous Rechargeable lithium batteries (ARLBs) could be an attractive alternative to bypass safety issues of lithium-ion batteries with organic electrolyte. Moreover, the fast lithium diffusion in aqueous electrolyte media could allow for the operations under high electric current conditions required especially for high power supply [1]. In 1994, J. Dahn et al reported a VO2/LiMn2O4 rechargeable aqueous battery [2]. However, this type of batteries had serious issues with cyclability. In this work, we report for the first time on a system comprising in an aqueous electrolyte, and on large-scale ARLB based on this concept with enhanced cycle performance and energy density

Development of novel sulfur/carbon cathode composites using spray pyrolysis and study of their electrochemical performance in lithium-sulfur batteries

The eminent global energy crisis and growing ecological concerns in the past two decades have led to intensive development in the fields of green transportation such as electric and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), as well as clean energy sources such as wind and solar power. These technologies demand low cost, safe, and environmentally friendly energy storage systems. Therefore, development of novel economically feasible and ecologically friendly high performance batteries is crucial. Lithium/ sulfur (Li/S) batteries have the highest energy density (2600 Wh/kg) and theoretical capacity (1672 mAh/g) among all known systems [1,2]

Investigation of Using Sulfur-Containing Gases in Low-Temperature Fuel Cell at Sulfuric Acid Production Site

The possibility and effectiveness of using sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide as the fuel in low-temperature fuel cells at the sulfuric acid production site has been investigated. A fuel cell has been designed and constructed using palladium as a catalyst, which enables conversion of the energy of oxidation of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide to the electric energy. The experimental data showed that the use of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide as a fuel allows achieving the power of 1.0 and 0.5 mW, respectively. The comparative studies with the use of hydrogen in the same fuel cell resulted in the power of about 2.0 mW, i.e. the use of hydrogen sulfide delivers a performance comparable with that of the hydrogen. The processes of oxidizing of the sulfur containing gases are used in our company in production of sulfuric acid. Oxidation  of these gases conducted using the conventional technological processes. The use of these processes to produce energy as a byproduct could be an attractive way to reduce the energy consumption of the whole process. Considering the relatively high power obtained in this work for the sulfur containing gases fed fuel  cells, the substitution of conventional oxidation of sulfur containing gases in this technological chain by the fuel cell oxidation, and by-producing the electric energy, could be very profitable for the energy efficiency enhancement of the main production process. In the future work, the design and development of fuel cell catalysts and membranes to enhance the performances of sulfur containing fuel cells will be significan

Thermal and Structural Stabilities of LixCoO2 cathode for Li Secondary Battery Studied by a Temperature Programmed Reduction

Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) method was introduced to analyze the structural change and thermal stability of LixCoO2 (LCO) cathode material. The reduction peaks of delithiated LCO clearly represented the different phases of LCO. The reduction peak at a temperature below 250 °C can be attributed to the transformation of CoO2–like to Co3O4–like phase which is similar reduction patterns of CoO2 phase resulting from delithiation of LCO structure. The 2nd reduction peak at 300~375 °C corresponds to the reduction of Co3O4–like phase to CoO–like phase. TPR results indicate the thermal instability of delithiated LCO driven by CoO2–like phase on the surface of the delithiated LCO. In the TPR kinetics, the activation energies (Ea) obtained for as-synthesized LCO were 105.6 and 82.7 kJ mol-1 for Tm_H1 and Tm_H2, respectively, whereas Ea for the delithiated LCO were 93.2, 124.1 and 216.3 kJ mol-1 for Tm_L1, Tm_L2 and Tm_L3, respectively. As a result, the TPR method enables to identify the structural changes and thermal stability of each phase and effectively characterize the distinctive thermal behavior between as-synthesized and delithiated LCO

Algorithm for calculating the criterion for the temperature-dynamic characteristics of the cooling system of tractor and car engines

The article provides information on the temperature-dynamic qualities of the cooling system for tractor and car engines. A parameter that determines the efficiency of the cooling system. Definitions of the criterion of temperature-dynamic characteristics. Calculation algorithm for determining the initial temperature difference. The results of the calculated and experimental data of the temperature-dynamic characteristics of the cooling system of the UAZ-469 car and the TTZ-80 tractor

Thermal and Structural Stabilities of LixCoO2 Cathode for Li Secondary Battery Studied by a Temperature Programmed Reduction

Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) method was introduced to analyze the structural change and thermal stability of LixCoO2 (LCO) cathode material. The reduction peaks of delithiated LCO clearly represented the different phases of LCO. The reduction peak at a temperature below 250 degrees C can be attributed to the transformation of CoO2-like to Co3O4-like phase which is similar reduction patterns of CoO2 phase resulting from delithiation of LCO structure. The 2nd reduction peak at 300 similar to 375 degrees C corresponds to the reduction of Co3O4-like phase to CoO-like phase. TPR results indicate the thermal instability of delithiated LCO driven by CoO2-like phase on the surface of the delithiated LCO. In the TPR kinetics, the activation energies (E-a) obtained for as-synthesized LCO were 105.6 and 82.7 kJ mol(-1) for T-m_H1 and T-m_H2, respectively, whereas E-a for the delithiated LCO were 93.2, 124.1 and 216.3 kJ mol(-1) for T-m_L1, T-m_L2 and T-m_L3, respectively. As a result, the TPR method enables to identify the structural changes and thermal stability of each phase and effectively characterize the distinctive thermal behavior between as-synthesized and delithiated LCO